Effects of Salesperson Experience, Age, and Goal Setting on New Product Performance Trajectory: A Growth Curve Modeling Approach

Based on survey data from 314 industrial salespeople, this study sheds light on the growth trajectory of a new product in the first 15 months after its launch, a critical period of new product success. A growth curve model was estimated using SAS Proc Mixed and the findings indicate that new product performance grows nonlinearly during this 15-month time frame. More importantly, salesperson-level factors significantly influence the new product performance growth. Specifically, the salesperson experience has a positive impact, whereas age has a negative impact on new product growth trajectory. These findings underscore the importance of effective alignment of the sales force in selling new products.

[1]  Z. Zaleski Behavioral effects of self-set goals for different time ranges. , 1987 .

[2]  Gary P. Latham,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF SELF‐SET, PARTICIPATIVELY SET AND ASSIGNED GOALS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES , 1982 .

[3]  D. Deadrick,et al.  DYNAMIC CRITERIA REVISITED: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE STABILITY AND PREDICTIVE VALIDITY , 1990 .

[4]  J. Hollenbeck,et al.  Goal Importance, Self-Focus, and the Goal-Setting Process , 1987 .

[5]  Michael A. McDaniel,et al.  The stability of validity coefficients over time: Ackerman's (1988) model and the general aptitude test battery. , 2001 .

[6]  R. Chandy,et al.  What Will the Future Bring? Dominance, Technology Expectations, and Radical Innovation , 2003 .

[7]  P. Ackerman,et al.  Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation , 2004 .

[8]  Paul E. Tesluk,et al.  Toward an integrated model of work experience. , 1998 .

[9]  Howard M. Weiss,et al.  Learning theory and industrial and organizational psychology. , 1990 .

[10]  Craig J. Russell,et al.  Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Examine Dynamic Performance Criteria Over Time , 1997 .

[11]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Adult age and the speed-accuracy trade-off. , 1979, Ergonomics.

[12]  George R. Franke,et al.  Salesperson Adaptive Selling Behavior and Customer Orientation: A Meta-Analysis , 2006 .

[13]  G. Latham The motivational benefits of goal-setting , 2004 .

[14]  Kwaku Atuahene-Gima,et al.  Adoption of New Products by the Sales Force: The Construct , 1997 .

[15]  R. Droege,et al.  Relationship Between: G.A.T.B. Aptitude Scores and Age for Adults , 1963 .

[16]  Ashish Sood,et al.  Technological Evolution and Radical Innovation , 2005 .

[17]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self-efficacy and goal level to work performance. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[18]  Mandel Id,et al.  What will the future bring. , 1992 .

[19]  Thomas R. Wotruba,et al.  How New Product Introductions Affect Sales Management Strategy: The Impact of Type of “Newness” of the New Product , 2003 .

[20]  Michael C. Sturman,et al.  Searching for the Inverted U-Shaped Relationship Between Time and Performance: Meta-Analyses of the Experience/Performance, Tenure/Performance, and Age/Performance Relationships , 2003 .

[21]  Henry L. Tosi A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance , 1991 .

[22]  Charles L. Hulin,et al.  Job Satisfaction as a Reflection of Disposition: A Multiple Source Causal Analysis , 1993 .

[23]  J. Chowdhury The motivational impact of sales quotas on effort. , 1993 .

[24]  E. Hultink,et al.  The effect of sales force adoption on new product selling performance , 2000 .

[25]  G. Tellis,et al.  Research on Innovation: A Review and Agenda for Marketing Science , 2006 .

[26]  E. A. Locke Goal theory vs. control theory: Contrasting approaches to understanding work motivation , 1991 .

[27]  James D. Wright,et al.  Work Satisfaction and Age: Some Evidence for the ‘Job Change’ Hypothesis , 1978 .

[28]  Gilbert A. Churchill,et al.  Motivation and performance in industrial selling: Present knowledge and needed research. , 1977 .

[29]  Haiyang Li,et al.  The Effects of Formal Controls on Supervisee Trust in the Manager in New Product Selling: Evidence from Young and Inexperienced Salespeople in China* , 2006 .

[30]  A. T. Welford,et al.  Thirty years of psychological research on age and work , 1976 .

[31]  E. A. Locke Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives , 1968 .

[32]  Barton A. Weitz,et al.  Adaptive Selling: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Nomological Validity , 1990 .

[33]  Susan R. Rhodes Age-Related Differences in Work Attitudes and Behavior: A Review and Conceptual Analysis , 1983 .

[35]  O. J. Strickland,et al.  Managing Time: The Effects of Personal Goal Setting on Resource Allocation Strategy and Task Performance , 2001, The Journal of psychology.

[36]  Mark P. Leach,et al.  The Role of Self-Regulation Training in Developing the Motivation Management Capabilities of Salespeople , 2005 .

[37]  Robert P. Steel,et al.  A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966-1984 , 1987 .

[38]  Bernard J. Jaworski,et al.  Supervisory Feedback: Alternative Types and Their Impact on Salespeople's Performance and Satisfaction , 1991 .

[39]  E. A. Locke,et al.  Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980. , 1981 .

[40]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[41]  Robert W. Palmatier,et al.  Goal-setting paradoxes? Trade-offs between working hard and working smart: The United States versus China , 2004 .

[42]  Gary L. Lilien,et al.  First in, First out? The Effects of Network Externalities on Pioneer Survival , 2004 .

[43]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  Effects of Trait Competitiveness and Perceived Intraorganizational Competition on Salesperson Goal Setting and Performance , 1998 .

[44]  Alice N. Outerbridge,et al.  Impact of job experience and ability on job knowledge, work sample performance, and supervisory ratings of job performance , 1986 .

[45]  Haiyang Li,et al.  When Does Trust Matter? Antecedents and Contingent Effects of Supervisee Trust on Performance in Selling New Products in China and the United States , 2002 .

[46]  Mark S. Teachout,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK EXPERIENCE AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A CONCEPTUAL AND META‐ANALYTIC REVIEW , 1995 .

[47]  D. R. Davies,et al.  The effects of age, sex and tenure on the job performance of rubber tappers , 2003 .

[48]  L. Bickman,et al.  Long-term effects of a system of care on children and adolescents , 1999, The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research.

[49]  Michael C. Sturman,et al.  Searching for the Inverted U-Shaped Relationship Between Time and Performance: Meta-Analyses of the Experience/Performance, Tenure/Performance, and Age/Performance Relationships , 2003 .

[50]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  Adapting Motivation, Control, and Compensation Research to A New Environment , 2005 .

[51]  Mo Wang,et al.  Profiling Retirees in the Retirement Transition and Adjustment Process: Examining the Longitudinal Change Patterns of Retirees' Psychological Well-Being , 2007, The Journal of applied psychology.

[52]  Prabhakant Sinha,et al.  The Complete Guide to Accelerating Sales Force Performance , 2001 .

[53]  Gilbert A. Churchill,et al.  The Determinants of Salesperson Performance: A Meta-Analysis , 1985 .

[54]  Robert A. Peterson,et al.  The Effect of Effort on Sales Performance and Job Satisfaction , 1994 .

[55]  Bruce J. Avolio,et al.  Age and Work Performance in Nonmanagerial Jobs: The Effects of Experience and Occupational Type , 1990 .

[56]  John P. Campbell,et al.  Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. , 1990 .

[57]  S. Pedersen Urban Adolescents' Out-of-School Activity Profiles: Associations with Youth, Family, and School Transition Characteristics , 2005 .

[58]  S. Posner,et al.  Evidence in support of foster care during acute refugee crises. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[59]  A. Griffin The Effect of Project and Process Characteristics on Product Development Cycle Time , 1997 .

[60]  Wynne W. Chin,et al.  Factors Leading to Sales Force Automation Use: A Longitudinal Analysis , 2002 .

[61]  Ronald A. Ash,et al.  Job applicant training and work experience evaluation: An empirical comparison of four methods. , 1985 .

[62]  Wayne F. Cascio,et al.  Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance. , 1989 .

[63]  Nick Lee,et al.  Understanding the adoption of new brands through salespeople: a multilevel framework , 2008 .

[64]  S. West,et al.  Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. , 1994 .

[65]  V. Hinsz,et al.  Using Judgmental Anchors to Establish Challenging Self-Set Goals Without Jeopardizing Commitment , 1997 .

[66]  SEPCHAT [Aging and work]. , 1955, Le Medecin d'usine; revue d'hygiene industrielle et des maladies professionnelles.

[67]  Michael J. Stevens,et al.  Career-Related Antecedents and Outcomes of Job Rotation , 1994 .

[68]  S. Harkins,et al.  The Effects of Self‐Set Goals on Task Performance , 2000 .

[69]  R. Bagozzi,et al.  Goal Setting and Goal Striving in Consumer Behavior , 1999 .

[70]  Ronald G. Ehrenberg,et al.  Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. , 1984 .

[71]  J. Joško Brakus,et al.  Adoption of New and Really New Products: The Effects of Self-Regulation Systems and Risk Salience , 2007 .

[72]  Edwin A. Locke,et al.  Maryland vs Michigan vs Minnesota: Another look at the relationship of expectancy and goal difficulty to task performance , 1980 .

[73]  Judith D. Singer,et al.  Using SAS PROC MIXED to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models, and Individual Growth Models , 1998 .

[74]  D. Schunk Self-Efficacy and Education and Instruction , 1995 .

[75]  P. Cohen,et al.  Social role and birth cohort influences on gender-linked personality traits in women: a 20-year longitudinal analysis. , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[76]  Edwin A. Locke,et al.  Effect of dysfunctional thought processes on subjective well-being and job satisfaction. , 1993 .

[77]  Angelo Dispenzieri,et al.  Age, experience, and performance on speed and skill jobs in an applied setting. , 1983 .