Scale control by threshold treatment

Abstract Additives which act non-stoichiometrically by the threshold treatment process are of interest for the control of scale in sea water evaporators. The search for improved additives is made difficult by the lack of understanding of the mechanism of the process. The relevant literature is described and further work to elucidate the mechanism, suggested.

[1]  P. Rolfe Polymers that inhibit the deposition of calcium sulphate: Some interesting conductance observations , 1966 .

[2]  H. L. Stephens,et al.  Mechanism of Polyphosphate Threshold Action , 1956 .

[3]  R. Kuntze Retardation of the Crystallization of Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate , 1966, Nature.

[4]  M. Miura,et al.  EFFECT OF SEVERAL PHOSPHATES ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION AND CRYSTAL HABIT OF STRONTIUM SULFATE , 1962 .

[5]  S. Otani Crystal Habit Modification of Strontium Sulfate. I. Habit-Modifying Action of Foreign Substances , 1960 .

[6]  E. Partridge,et al.  THRESHOLD TREATMENT Elimination of Calcium Carbonate Deposits from Indutrials waters , 1939 .

[7]  George L. Illig Glassy Phosphates in Water Treatment , 1957 .

[8]  M. Miura,et al.  The Effect of Tri-, Tetra-, Penta- and Hexaphosphate on the Crystallization of Strontium Sulfate , 1963 .

[9]  M. Miura,et al.  The Effect of Sodium Triphosphate on the Nucleation of Strontium Sulfate , 1965 .

[10]  A. Glasner,et al.  A New Mechanism for the Crystallization and Growth of Ionic Crystals, with Special Reference to KCl in the Presence of Pb2+ Ions.† , 1968 .

[11]  R. A. Ruehrwein,et al.  Effect of Polyelectrolytes on the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate , 1957 .

[12]  Owen Rice,et al.  Threshold Treatment of Water Systems. , 1945 .

[13]  B. Raistrick The influence of foreign ions on crystal growth from solution. 1. The stabilization of the supersaturation of calcium carbonate solutions by anions possessing O-P-O-P-O chains , 1949 .

[14]  R. Reitemeier,et al.  The Inhibiting Action of Minute Amounts of Sodium Hexametaphosphate on the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate from Ammoniacal Solutions. I. Quantitative Studies of the Inhibition Process. , 1940 .

[15]  D. Solomon,et al.  Polymers that inhibit the deposition of calcium sulphate , 1966 .

[16]  M. Miura,et al.  The Effect of Several Condensed Phosphates on the Dissolution of Strontium Sulfate , 1965 .

[17]  E. Mccartney,et al.  The effect of additives upon the process of crystallization: I. Crystallization of calcium sulfate , 1958 .

[18]  M. N. Elliot The present state of scale control in sea water evaporators , 1969 .

[19]  Owen Rice,et al.  SURFACE-ACTIVE PROPERTIES OF HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE , 1939 .

[20]  B. R. Smith Scale prevention by addition of polyelectrolytes , 1967 .