Glial Cell Line Persistently Infected with Borna Disease Virus (BDV): Influence of Neurotrophic Factors

Borna disease virus (BDV) infects cells of the nervous system in a wide range of species. Previous work suggests that there are differences in BDV replication in neuronal cells and glial cells. Many neurons are lysed by the immunopathologic response to BDV; lysis of dentate gyrus neurons in the absence of encephalitis is seen in rats inoculated with BDV as neonates. In contrast, persistently BDV-infected astrocytes increase over the course of BDV infection. Therefore, we compared BDV replication in neuronal (SK-N-SH and SK-N-SHEP) and astrocytic (C6) cell lines. While SK-N-SH cells produced more infectious virions per cell, the C6 cells contained more BDV proteins and RNA. BDV sequences in the supernatants of both cell types were identified, despite low titers of infectious virus, suggesting the release of incomplete virions into the medium. C6 cells secreted a factor or factors into the medium that enhanced the production of BDV proteins and RNA in other cell lines. In addition, nerve growth factor treatment produced the same enhancement. Thus, BDV replication in certain neural cells in vitro may be linked to the production of cell-specific factors which affect viral replication.

[1]  A. Mayr,et al.  In vitro studies on Borna virus , 2005, Archives of Virology.

[2]  R. Rott,et al.  Replication of Borna disease virus in cell cultures , 2005, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

[3]  R. Rott,et al.  Replication of Borna disease virus in rats: age-dependent differences in tissue distribution , 2005, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

[4]  D. Gash,et al.  Rodent and primate adrenal medullary cells in vitro: phenotypic plasticity in response to coculture with C6 glioma cells or NGF , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[5]  M. A. McClure,et al.  Sequence similarity between Borna disease virus p40 and a duplicated domain within the paramyxovirus and rhabdovirus polymerase proteins , 1993, Journal of virology.

[6]  T. Briese,et al.  Borna disease virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, transcribes in the nucleus of infected cells. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  L. Stitz,et al.  Antigenic relationship and further characterization of two major Borna disease virus-specific proteins. , 1992, The Journal of general virology.

[8]  A. Hirano,et al.  Irreversible modification of measles virus RNA in vitro by nuclear RNA-unwinding activity in human neuroblastoma cells , 1992, Journal of virology.

[9]  L. Stitz,et al.  The 24K protein of Borna disease virus. , 1992, Journal of General Virology.

[10]  D. Bednarik,et al.  Mechanisms of HIV-1 latency. , 1992, AIDS.

[11]  P. Kennedy,et al.  Herpes simplex virus latency in the nervous system – a new model , 1991, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[12]  S. Rubin,et al.  Borna disease: association with a maturation defect in the cellular immune response , 1991, Journal of virology.

[13]  M. Saarma,et al.  Dependence of kidney morphogenesis on the expression of nerve growth factor receptor. , 1991, Science.

[14]  W. Lipkin,et al.  Borna Disease Virus Replicates in Astrocytes, Schwann Cells and Ependymal Cells in Persistently Infected Rats: Location of Viral Genomic and Messenger RNAs by In Situ Hybridization , 1991, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[15]  H. Thoenen.  The changing scene of neurotrophic factors , 1991, Trends in Neurosciences.

[16]  L. Stitz,et al.  Atypical dissemination of the highly neurotropic Borna disease virus during persistent infection in cyclosporine A-treated, immunosuppressed rats , 1991, Journal of virology.

[17]  R. Yolken,et al.  Enzyme immunoassay for detection of hybrids between PCR-amplified HIV-1 DNA and a RNA probe: PCR-EIA. , 1991, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[18]  T. Kirkwood,et al.  Defective interfering particles: effects in modulating virus growth and persistence. , 1990, Virology.

[19]  W. Lipkin,et al.  Molecular characterization of the Borna disease agent. , 1990, Virology.

[20]  J. Clements,et al.  A borna virus cDNA encoding a protein recognized by antibodies in humans with behavioral diseases. , 1990, Science.

[21]  V. ter meulen,et al.  Restricted expression of measles virus in primary rat astroglial cells. , 1990, Virology.

[22]  J. Gern,et al.  Quantitative detection of messenger RNA by solution hybridization and enzyme immunoassay. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[23]  G. Miller.  The switch between latency and replication of Epstein-Barr virus. , 1990, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[24]  P. Bovolenta,et al.  Growth factors and growth factor receptors in the hippocampus. Role in plasticity and response to injury. , 1990, Progress in brain research.

[25]  O. Narayan,et al.  Preliminary studies on the biology of Borna disease virus. , 1989, The Journal of general virology.

[26]  P. Kennedy,et al.  Modulation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of cultured neuronal cells by nerve growth factor and antibody to HSV. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[27]  D. Pleasure,et al.  Analysis of nerve growth factor receptor expression in human neuroblastoma and neuroepithelioma cell lines. , 1989, Cancer research.

[28]  M. Erecińska,et al.  Effect of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on the high-affinity transport of acidic amino acid neurotransmitters in C6 glioma cells , 1989, Brain Research.

[29]  Y. Eizuru,et al.  Interaction of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 with a Rat Glioma Cell Line , 1988, Microbiology and immunology.

[30]  C. Wilcox,et al.  Characterization of nerve growth factor-dependent herpes simplex virus latency in neurons in vitro , 1988, Journal of virology.

[31]  J. Schweitzer,et al.  Expression of nerve growth factor receptors by Schwann cells of axotomized peripheral nerves: ultrastructural location, suppression by axonal contact, and binding properties , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[32]  M. Ohuchi,et al.  Characterization of the measles virus isolated from the brain of a patient with immunosuppressive measles encephalitis. , 1987, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[33]  W. Flintoff,et al.  Rat glial C6 cells are defective in murine coronavirus internalization. , 1987, The Journal of general virology.

[34]  G. Weskamp,et al.  Fimbria-fornix lesion increases nerve growth factor content in adult rat septum and hippocampus , 1986, Neuroscience Letters.

[35]  H. Clark,et al.  Induction of nerve growth factor receptor in Schwann cells after axotomy. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  K. Kristensson,et al.  Measles Encephalitis in Rodents: Defective Expression of Viral Proteins , 1986, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[37]  G. Pauli,et al.  Increase of virus yields and releases of Borna disease virus from persistently infected cells. , 1985, Virus research.

[38]  K. Unsicker,et al.  C6 glioma cell-conditioned medium induces neurite outgrowth and survival of rat chromaffin cells in vitro: comparison with the effects of nerve growth factor. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  S. Appel,et al.  Neurotrophic effects of hippocampal extracts on medial septal nucleus in vitro. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  R. Ross,et al.  Coordinate morphological and biochemical interconversion of human neuroblastoma cells. , 1983, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[41]  S. Brown,et al.  Differential susceptibility of human neural cell types in culture to infection with herpes simplex virus. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[42]  G. Dawson,et al.  Virus-host cell interaction in rat C6 glial cell cultures persistently infected with herpes simplex virus. , 1983, Intervirology.

[43]  J. Vellis,et al.  Glial-released proteins: III. Influence on neuronal morphological differentiation , 1981, Brain Research.

[44]  L. Greene,et al.  Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. , 1976, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  H. Ludwig,et al.  Borna Disease (BD), a Slow Virus Infection , 1973 .

[46]  A. Mayr,et al.  Production of Borna Virus in Tissue Culture , 1972, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.