Ocean Circulation and Tropical Variability in the Coupled Model ECHAM5/MPI-OM

Abstract This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Results are presented from a version of the coupled model that served as a prototype for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations. The model does not require flux adjustment to maintain a stable climate. A control simulation with present-day greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), large-scale circulation, meridional heat and freshwater transports, and sea ice are compared with observations. A parameterization that accounts for the effect of ocean currents on surface wind stress is implemented in the model. The largest impact of this parameterization is in the tropical Pacific, where the mean state is significantly improved: the strength of the trade winds and the associated...

[1]  A. Dai.  Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models , 2006 .

[2]  Michael Botzet,et al.  Effects of Ocean Biology on the Penetrative Radiation in a Coupled Climate Model , 2006 .

[3]  W. Collins,et al.  The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3) , 2006 .

[4]  M. Collins,et al.  El Niño in a changing climate: a multi-model study , 2005 .

[5]  E. Roeckner,et al.  Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean-Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics. , 2005 .

[6]  Michael Botzet,et al.  A coupled method for initializing El Nino Southern Oscillation forecasts using sea surface temperature , 2005 .

[7]  Eric Guilyardi,et al.  Representing El Niño in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCMs: The Dominant Role of the Atmospheric Component , 2004 .

[8]  Yu Yongqiang,et al.  Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model , 2004 .

[9]  J. Willis,et al.  Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales , 2004 .

[10]  G. Williams,et al.  Modeling water mass formation in the Mertz Glacier Polynya and Adélie Depression, East Antarctica , 2004 .

[11]  G. Danabasoglu,et al.  The Community Climate System Model Version 4 , 2011 .

[12]  Jonathan M. Gregory,et al.  Impact of an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Resolution on Control and Climate Change Simulations with a Global Coupled GCM. , 2004 .

[13]  Ron Kwok,et al.  Fram Strait sea ice outflow , 2004 .

[14]  E. Guilyardi,et al.  Assessment of the tropical Indo-Pacific climate in the SINTEX CGCM , 2003 .

[15]  Luca Bonaventura,et al.  The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM 5. PART I: Model description , 2003 .

[16]  Paul E. Robbins,et al.  Data-Based Meridional Overturning Streamfunctions for the Global Ocean , 2003 .

[17]  Stefan Hagemann,et al.  Improving a subgrid runoff parameterization scheme for climate models by the use of high resolution data derived from satellite observations , 2003 .

[18]  Elizabeth C. Kent,et al.  Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century , 2003 .

[19]  C. Wunsch,et al.  Large-Scale Ocean Heat and Freshwater Transports during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment , 2003 .

[20]  Mojib Latif,et al.  The Max-Planck-Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates , 2003 .

[21]  Jean-Philippe Avouac,et al.  Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya , 2003 .

[22]  A. Proshutinsky,et al.  The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales , 2002 .

[23]  N. Wells,et al.  Ocean circulation and climate , 2002 .

[24]  An OGCM simulation of seasonal and interannual variabilities in the surface–layer pacific of the equatorial band , 2002 .

[25]  R. Clarke,et al.  Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during Active Convection , 2002 .

[26]  J. Houghton,et al.  Climate change 2001 : the scientific basis , 2001 .

[27]  R. Voß,et al.  Ensip: the El Nin Ä O Simulation Intercomparison Project , 2000 .

[28]  K. Taylor,et al.  The Community Climate System Model , 2001 .

[29]  T. Vinje.  Fram Strait Ice Fluxes and Atmospheric Circulation: 1950–2000 , 2001 .

[30]  K. Trenberth,et al.  Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports , 2001 .

[31]  A. Fedorov,et al.  A Stability Analysis of Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions: Bridging Measurements and Theory for El Niño , 2001 .

[32]  E. Guilyardi,et al.  A Model Study of Oceanic Mechanisms Affecting Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature during the 1997–98 El Niño , 2001 .

[33]  Gregory C. Johnson,et al.  Ocean currents evident in satellite wind data , 2001 .

[34]  Michael Steele,et al.  PHC: A Global Ocean Hydrography with a High-Quality Arctic Ocean , 2001 .

[35]  A. Craig,et al.  Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models , 2001 .

[36]  S. Sokolov,et al.  Baroclinic transport variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia (WOCE repeat section SR3) , 2001 .

[37]  Frank O. Bryan,et al.  What sets the mean transport through Drake Passage , 2001 .

[38]  J. Schröter,et al.  On the zonal and meridional circulation and ocean transports between Tasmania and Antarctica , 2001 .

[39]  Frank O. Bryan,et al.  Equatorial Circulation of a Global Ocean Climate Model with Anisotropic Horizontal Viscosity , 2001 .

[40]  S. Rintoul,et al.  The Southern Ocean Limb of the Global Deep Overturning Circulation , 2001 .

[41]  I. Polyakov,et al.  Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability , 2000 .

[42]  Carl Wunsch,et al.  Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data , 2000, Nature.

[43]  M. Latif,et al.  Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation , 2000 .

[44]  John F. B. Mitchell,et al.  The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments , 2000 .

[45]  R. Weisberg,et al.  Equatorial Upwelling in the Central Pacific Estimated from Moored Velocity Profilers , 2000 .

[46]  W. G. Strand,et al.  Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations , 2000 .

[47]  David B. Stephenson,et al.  The “normality” of El Niño , 1999 .

[48]  Gregory C. Johnson,et al.  Circulation, mixing, and production of Antarctic Bottom Water , 1999 .

[49]  Elizabeth C. Kent,et al.  A New Global Air-Sea Heat and Momentum Flux Climatology , 1999 .

[50]  S. Valcke,et al.  Transient CO2 Experiment using the ARPEGE/OPAICE non flux corrected coupled model , 1998 .

[51]  A. Macdonald.  The global ocean circulation: a hydrographic estimate and regional analysis , 1998 .

[52]  Frank O. Bryan,et al.  The NCAR Climate System Model Global Ocean Component , 1998 .

[53]  Stephen M. Griffies,et al.  The Gent–McWilliams Skew Flux , 1998 .

[54]  Stefan Hagemann,et al.  A parametrization of the lateral waterflow for the global scale , 1997 .

[55]  P. Xie,et al.  Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs , 1997 .

[56]  William J. Emery,et al.  Satellite‐derived maps of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice motion: 1988 to 1994 , 1997 .

[57]  S. Philander,et al.  On the Annual Cycle of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific , 1996 .

[58]  E. Maier‐Reimer,et al.  The Hamburg Ocean primitive equation model - HOPE , 1996 .

[59]  M. Latif,et al.  The Seasonal Cycle over the Tropical Pacific in Coupled Ocean Atmosphere General Circulation Models , 1995 .

[60]  P. Gent,et al.  Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models , 1995 .

[61]  K. Trenberth,et al.  The global heat balance: heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean , 1994 .

[62]  F. Smith,et al.  Transport and heat flux of the Florida Current at 27°N derived from cross-stream voltages and profiling data: theory and observations , 1992, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[63]  R. Schmitt,et al.  Transport of freshwater by the oceans , 1992 .

[64]  C. Wunsch,et al.  Mass, heat, oxygen and nutrient fluxes and budgets in the North Atlantic Ocean , 1991 .

[65]  P. M. Saunders.  Cold Outflow from the Faroe Bank Channel , 1990 .

[66]  E. Carmack,et al.  The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation , 1989 .

[67]  D. Halpern.  Moored surface wind observations at four sites along the Pacific equator between 140 and 95 deg W , 1988 .

[68]  R. Pacanowski.  Effect of equatorial currents on surface stress , 1987 .

[69]  J. Klinck,et al.  The physics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current , 1986 .

[70]  R. Colony,et al.  An estimate of the mean field of Arctic sea ice motion , 1984 .

[71]  R. Weisberg.  Seasonal adjustments in the equatorial Atlantic during 1983 as seen by surface moorings , 1984 .

[72]  M. Redi.  Oceanic Isopycnal Mixing by Coordinate Rotation , 1982 .

[73]  R. Pacanowski,et al.  Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in Numerical Models of Tropical Oceans , 1981 .

[74]  W. Large,et al.  Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Winds , 1981 .

[75]  W. Hibler.  A Dynamic Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model , 1979 .

[76]  Arnold L. Gordon,et al.  Deep Antarctic Convection West of Maud Rise , 1978 .

[77]  Akio Arakawa,et al.  Computational Design of the Basic Dynamical Processes of the UCLA General Circulation Model , 1977 .