Measurement of creativity: review and critique.

Presently available criteria of creativity are reviewed and classified into ten categories: tests of divergent thinking, attitude and interest inventories, personality inventories, biographical inventories, teacher nominations, peer nominations, supervisor ratings, judgments of products, eminence and self-reported creative activities and achievements. These techniques for measuring creativity are then criticized in terms of their reliability, discriminant validity, dimensionality and convergent validity. It is concluded that an inventory of self-reported creative activities and accomplishments is the most defensible technique for selecting creative individuals.

[1]  T. Yarnell.  A Common Item Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List , 1971 .

[2]  M. Kaufman,et al.  Creativeness: Its Meaning and Measurement , 1974 .

[3]  F. Barron,et al.  Artistic Perception as a Possible Factor in Personality Style: Its Measurement By a Figure Preference Test , 1952 .

[4]  Nathan Kogan.  Creativity and Sex Differences , 1974 .

[5]  W. D. Buel,et al.  A note on the generality and cross-validity of personal history for identifying creative research scientists. , 1966, The Journal of applied psychology.

[6]  V. B. Cline,et al.  Creativity Tests and Teacher and Self Judgments of Originality , 1964 .

[7]  A. Anastasi,et al.  A biographical inventory for identifying creativity in adolescent bys. , 1968, The Journal of applied psychology.

[8]  J. Reid,et al.  Cognitive and other Personality Characteristics of Creative Children , 1959 .

[9]  R. H. Knapp,et al.  Preferences for abstract and representational art. , 1963, The Journal of social psychology.

[10]  D. Treffinger,et al.  Needed Research on the Measurement of Creativity , 1972 .

[11]  H. Gough.  Studying creativity by means of word association test. , 1976, The Journal of applied psychology.

[12]  H. Gough.  A New Scientific Uses Test and Its Relationship to Creativity. , 1975 .

[13]  Jeffrey Zegas.  A Validation Study of Tests From the Divergent Production Plane of the Guilford Structure-Of-Intellect Model , 1976 .

[14]  J. P. Guilford,et al.  Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications , 1968 .

[15]  Elizabeth K. Starkweather.  Creativity Research Instruments Designed for Use with Preschool Children. , 1971 .

[16]  E. Paul Torrance,et al.  "What Kind of Person Are You ?" , 1970 .

[17]  Thomas M. Goolsby,et al.  Concurrent Validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Welsh Figural Preference Test , 1975 .

[18]  F A Haddon,et al.  Primary education and divergent thinking abilities. Four years on. , 1971, The British journal of educational psychology.

[19]  R. Helson.  Women mathematicians and the creative personality. , 1971, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[20]  Creativity in Black Artists: A Comparison of Selected Creativity Measures Using Judged Creativity as a Criterion. , 1973 .

[21]  S. Rimm,et al.  GIFT: An Instrument for the Identification Creativity , 1976 .

[22]  How Shall Creativity Be Measured? Torrance Tests, RAT, Alpha Biographical, and IQ. , 1971 .

[23]  H. F. Gollob,et al.  Comparison of social judgments of creativity and intelligence. , 1975, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  S. Crockenberg,et al.  Creativity Tests: A Boon or Boondoggle for Education? , 1972 .

[25]  A. Roe,et al.  A psychological study of physical scientists. , 1951, Genetic psychology monographs.

[26]  W. C. Ward,et al.  Development of Provisional Criteria for the Study of Scientific Creativity , 1975 .

[27]  W. B. Hall,et al.  Personality inventory correlates of creativity among architects. , 1969, The Journal of applied psychology.

[28]  K. Dewing.  The reliability and validity of selected tests of creative thinking in a sample of seventh-grade West Australian children. , 1970, The British journal of educational psychology.

[29]  John L. Holland,et al.  The Preconscious Activity Scale: The Development and Validation of an Originality Measure* , 1968 .

[30]  C E Schaefer,et al.  Development of a Creativity Attitude Survey for Children , 1970, Perceptual and motor skills.

[31]  Morris I. Stein,et al.  Measures of Intelligence and Creativity , 1955 .

[32]  J Khatena.  “Onomatopoeia and Images”: Preliminary Validity Study of a Test of Originality , 1969, Perceptual and motor skills.

[33]  A. Anastasi,et al.  Biographical correlates of artistic and literary creativity in adolescent girls. , 1969, The Journal of applied psychology.

[34]  M. Covington.  A CHILDHOOD ATTITUDE INVENTORY FOR PROBLEM SOLVING1 , 1966 .

[35]  Kaoru Yamamoto,et al.  Relationships between Creative Thinking Abilities of Teachers and Achievement and Adjustment of Pupils , 1963 .

[36]  S. Golann.  PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CREATIVITY. , 1963, Psychological bulletin.

[37]  D. Holmes.  A Questionnaire Measure of the Creative Personality , 1976 .

[38]  L. Lacey,et al.  Psychology of Scientist: XXXI. Discriminability of a Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List among Scientists and Engineers , 1974 .

[39]  Kaoru Yamamoto.  Evaluation of Some Creativity Measures in a High School with Peer Nominations as Criteria , 1964 .

[40]  D. Hocevar,et al.  Intelligence, Divergent Thinking, and Creativity. , 1980 .

[41]  The Validity of Tests of Creative Thinking in Seven-Year-Old Children , 1971 .

[42]  K. Yamamoto,et al.  CREATIVITY AND SOCIOMETRIC CHOICE AMONG ADOLESCENTS. , 1964, The Journal of social psychology.

[43]  J. Richards,et al.  Academic and nonacademic accomplishment: correlated or uncorrelated? , 1965, Journal of educational psychology.

[44]  Margaret Gilchrist,et al.  The psychology of creativity , 1972 .

[45]  F. Barron,et al.  Some Personality Correlates of Independence of Judgment1,2 , 1953 .

[46]  M Csikszentmihalyi,et al.  Concern for discovery: an attitudinal component of creative production. , 1970, Journal of personality.

[47]  J. Drevdahl.  Factors of importance for creativity. , 1956, Journal of clinical psychology.

[48]  J. W. Getzels,et al.  Creativity and Intelligence: Explorations with Gifted Students. , 1962 .

[49]  F. Barron.  Creative person and creative process , 1969 .

[50]  William A. Owens,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF CREATIVITY IN MACHINE DESIGN , 1957 .

[51]  S. Klein,et al.  THE PREDICTION OF ACADEMIC AND ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENT AT A SCHOOL OF DESIGN , 1967 .

[52]  W. C. Ward,et al.  A FIELD STUDY OF NONVERBAL CREATIVITY1 , 1971 .

[53]  D. W. Mackinnon,et al.  The nature and nurture of creative talent. , 1962 .

[54]  N. Kogan,et al.  Long-term predictive validity of divergent-thinking tests: some negative evidence. , 1973, Journal of educational psychology.

[55]  L. A. Jordan.  Use of canonical analysis in Cropley's "A five-year longitudinal study of the validity of creativity tests." , 1975 .

[56]  William E. Roweton.  Indices of Classroom Creativity. , 1975 .

[57]  A Technique for Assessing Aesthetic Predispositions: Mosaic Construction Test* , 1972 .

[58]  T. J. Rookey.  Validation of a Creativity Test: The 100 Students Study , 1974 .

[59]  E. Torrance.  Prediction of Adult Creative Achievement Among High School Seniors , 1969 .

[60]  Quinn McNemar,et al.  Lost: Our intelligence? Why? , 1964 .

[61]  B. Kaltsounis.  Instruments Useful in Studying Creative Behavior and Creative Talent , 1971 .

[62]  The Creative College Student: An Unmet Challenge , 1969 .

[63]  A. Astin,et al.  The prediction of the academic, artistic, scientific, and social achievement of undergraduates of superior scholastic aptitude. , 1962 .

[64]  R. Frankiewicz,et al.  Strategy for a priori Selection of Judges in a Product-Centered Approach to Assessment of Creativity , 1976 .

[65]  J. L. Holland,et al.  Prediction of student accomplishment in college. , 1967, Journal of educational psychology.

[66]  Instruments Useful in Studying Creative Behavior and Creative Talent. Part II. Noncommercially Available Instruments. , 1971 .

[67]  W. Graham.  CREATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE IDEA MEN AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES. , 1965, The Journal of general psychology.

[68]  B. Kaltsounis.  Additional Instruments Useful in Studying Creative Behavior and Creative Talent: Part III, Non-Commercially Available Instruments. , 1972 .

[69]  L. Rivlin,et al.  Creativity and the self-attitudes and sociability of high school students. , 1959 .

[70]  W. D. Buel,et al.  Biographical data and the identification of creative research personnel. , 1965, The Journal of applied psychology.

[71]  R. Crutchfield,et al.  Mathematicians: the creative researcher and the average PhD. , 1970, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[72]  M. Karlins,et al.  Some factors related to architectural creativity in graduating architecture students. , 1969, The Journal of general psychology.

[73]  E. Torrance.  Assessing Children, Teachers, and Parents Against the Ideal Child Criterion , 1975 .

[74]  J. Guilford.  The structure of intellect. , 1956, Psychological bulletin.

[75]  I. Taylor,et al.  The Measurement of Creative Transactualization: A Scale to Measure Behavioral Dispositions to Creativity. , 1974 .

[76]  Schultz Cb,et al.  QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS AS MEASURES OF CREATIVITY. , 1965 .

[77]  E. Torrance,et al.  Relationships Between Creative Thinking Abilities and a Measure of the Creative Personality , 1974 .

[78]  A. Cropley.  A five-year longitudinal study of the validity of creativity tests. , 1972 .

[79]  N. Milgram,et al.  Creative thinking and creative performance in Israeli students. , 1976, Journal of educational psychology.

[80]  Lester G. Duenk,et al.  Estimating the Concurrent Validity of the Minnesota Tests of Creative Thinking1 , 1967 .

[81]  Gertrude R. Schmeidler.  VISUAL IMAGERY CORRELATED TO A MEASURE OF CREATIVITY. , 1965, Journal of consulting psychology.

[82]  G. Domino,et al.  Identification of potentially creative persons from the Adjective Check List. , 1970, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[83]  G. A. Davis,et al.  Do the Wallach and Kogan Tests Predict Real Creative Behavior? , 1974, Perceptual and motor skills.

[84]  E. L. Gaier,et al.  Identification of creativity: the individual. , 1970, Psychological bulletin.

[85]  W. D. Buel.  The validity of behavioral rating scale items for the assessment of individual creativity. , 1960 .

[86]  R. Cattell,et al.  Handbook for the sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16 PF) , 1970 .

[87]  J. M. Smith,et al.  Development of a Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List , 1969, Psychological reports.

[88]  R. Taft,et al.  Creative attitudes and creative productivity: a comparison of two aspects of creativity among students. , 1970, Journal of educational psychology.

[89]  F. Wallbrown.  The validity of the Wallach-Kogan creativity operations for inner-city children in two areas of visual art. , 1975, Journal of personality.

[90]  Joseph S. Renzulli,et al.  Problems in the Assessment of Creative Thinking , 1971 .

[91]  G. A. Haven.  Creative Thought, Productivity, and the Self-Concept , 1965, Psychological reports.