Comparative analyses of seven technologies to facilitate the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources

An analysis of seven different technologies is presented. The technologies integrate fluctuating renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind power production into the electricity supply, and the Danish energy system is used as a case. Comprehensive hour-by-hour energy system analyses are conducted of a complete system meeting electricity, heat and transport demands, and including RES, power plants, and combined heat and power production (CHP) for district heating and transport technologies. In conclusion, the most fuel-efficient and least-cost technologies are identified through energy system and feasibility analyses. Large-scale heat pumps prove to be especially promising as they efficiently reduce the production of excess electricity. Flexible electricity demand and electric boilers are low-cost solutions, but their improvement of fuel efficiency is rather limited. Battery electric vehicles constitute the most promising transport integration technology compared with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). The costs of integrating RES with electrolysers for HFCVs, CHP and micro fuel cell CHP are reduced significantly with more than 50% of RES.

[1]  M. B. Blarke,et al.  Large-scale heat pumps in sustainable energy systems: system and project perspectives , 2007 .

[2]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Integrated energy systems and local energy markets , 2006 .

[3]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems-The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 , 2009 .

[4]  P. Meibom,et al.  Optimal investment paths for future renewable based energy systems—Using the optimisation model Balmorel , 2008 .

[5]  Ali Naci Celik,et al.  A simplified model for estimating the monthly performance of autonomous wind energy systems with battery storage , 2003 .

[6]  Wil L. Kling,et al.  Integration of large-scale wind power and use of energy storage in the netherlands' electricity supply , 2008 .

[7]  Georges Garabeth Salgi,et al.  System behaviour of compressed-air energy-storage in Denmark with a high penetration of renewable energy sources , 2008 .

[8]  Yasuo Suzuoki,et al.  Effective utilization of by-product oxygen from electrolysis hydrogen production , 2005 .

[9]  Mohammad Tariq Iqbal,et al.  Simulation of a small wind fuel cell hybrid energy system , 2003 .

[10]  Carsten Rasmussen,et al.  Technical aspects of status and expected future trends for wind power in Denmark , 2007 .

[11]  Decharut Sukkumnoed.  Distributed generation and centralized power system in Thailand: Conflicts and solutions , 2003 .

[12]  Bent Sørensen,et al.  Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Scenarios for future use of hydrogen in the Danish energy system , 2004 .

[13]  Aymeric Rousseau,et al.  Fuel economy of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles , 2004 .

[14]  Christoph Weber,et al.  Regional electricity price differences due to intermittent wind power in Germany: impact of extended transmission and storage capacities , 2006 .

[15]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Excess electricity diagrams and the integration of renewable energy , 2003 .

[16]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Large-scale integration of wind power into different energy systems , 2005 .

[17]  Poul Alberg Østergaard,et al.  Modelling grid losses and the geographic distribution of electricity generation , 2005 .

[18]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Integrated transport and renewable energy systems , 2008 .

[19]  Poul Alberg Østergaard,et al.  Ancillary services and the integration of substantial quantities of wind power , 2006 .

[20]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G , 2008 .

[21]  F. Barbir.  PEM electrolysis for production of hydrogen from renewable energy sources , 2005 .

[22]  M. T. Elhagry,et al.  Hybrid PV/fuel cell system design and simulation , 2002 .

[23]  Marie Münster,et al.  Use of waste for heat, electricity and transport—Challenges when performing energy system analysis , 2009 .

[24]  Heike Brand,et al.  Value of electric heat boilers and heat pumps for wind power integration , 2007 .

[25]  João Carlos Camargo,et al.  Analysis of hydrogen production from combined photovoltaics, wind energy and secondary hydroelectricity supply in Brazil , 2005 .

[26]  Georges Garabeth Salgi,et al.  Energy system analysis of utilizing hydrogen as an energy carrier for wind power in the transportation sector in Western Denmark , 2008 .

[27]  B.V. Mathiesen,et al.  Fuel-efficiency of hydrogen and heat storage technologies for integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources , 2005, 2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech.

[28]  Frede Hvelplund,et al.  Rebuilding without restructuring the energy system in east Germany , 1998 .

[29]  Woodrow W. Clark,et al.  Distributed generation: remote power systems with advanced storage technologies , 2004 .

[30]  Adam Hawkes,et al.  Techno-economic modelling of a solid oxide fuel cell stack for micro combined heat and power , 2006 .

[31]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Modelling of energy systems with a high percentage of CHP and wind power , 2003 .

[32]  H. Lund.  Choice awareness: the development of technological and institutional choice in the public debate of Danish energy planning , 2000 .

[33]  David Infield,et al.  Electrical integration of renewable energy into stand-alone power supplies incorporating hydrogen storage , 2007 .

[34]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Integrated transportation and energy sector CO2 emission control strategies , 2006 .

[35]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy , 2005 .