Toxicokinetics of Paraquat in Humans

1 The toxicokinetics of paraquat were studied in 18 cases of acute human poisoning using a specific radioimmunoassay. Plasma paraquat concentration exhibited a mean distribution half-life (t ½ α) of 5 h and a mean elimination half-life (t ½ β) of 84 h. Cardiovascular collapse supervened early during the course of the intoxication and was associated with the distribution phase. Death related to pulmonary fibrosis occurred late and was associated with the elimination phase. 2 Pharmacokinetic analysis of urine paraquat excretion confirmed the biphasic decline of paraquat. Moreover, renal paraquat and creatinine clearances were not correlated but renal paraquat clearance was never higher than the renal creatinine clearance. 3 Tissue paraquat distribution was ubiquitous with an apparent volume of distribution ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 l/kg. Muscle could represent an important reservoir explaining the long persistence of paraquat in plasma and urine for several weeks or months after poisoning.

[1]  R. D. Cavalli AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR PARAQUAT POISONING , 1977 .

[2]  C. Bullivant Accidental Poisoning by Paraquat: Report of Two Cases in Man , 1966, British medical journal.

[3]  M. Kristensen,et al.  Rapid evaluation of creatinine clearance. , 2009, Lancet.

[4]  R. T. Drew,et al.  Failure of desferrioxamine to modify the toxicity of paraquat in rats. , 1985, Journal of free radicals in biology & medicine.

[5]  E. Addo Paraquat poisoning. , 1987, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[6]  Z. Barzilay,et al.  Paraquat poisoning in a child: vitamin E in amelioration of lung injury. , 1980, Archives of disease in childhood.

[7]  K. Larsen Creatinine assay by a reaction-kinetic principle. , 1972, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[8]  J. Daniel,et al.  The tissue distribution of the bipyridylium herbicides diquat and paraquat in rats and mice. , 1973, Toxicology.

[9]  D. Davies,et al.  In vivo absorption studies with paraquat and diquat in the dog [proceedings]. , 1976, British journal of pharmacology.

[10]  J. Vale,et al.  Treatment of Paraquat Poisoning in Man: Methods to Prevent Absorption , 1987, Human toxicology.

[11]  D. Davies,et al.  Kinetics of paraquat elimination in the dog. , 1981, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[12]  Lewis L. Smith,et al.  BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN LUNGS EXPOSED TO PARAQUAT , 1977 .

[13]  D. Chandler,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of [14C]-paraquat and associated biochemical and pathologic changes in Beagle dogs following intravenous administration. , 1982, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[14]  R. E. Murray,et al.  Paraquat disposition in rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. , 1974, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[15]  K. Yonemitsu Pharmacokinetic profile of paraquat following intravenous administration to the rabbit. , 1986, Forensic science international.

[16]  T. Levitt RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PARAQUAT , 1977, The Lancet.

[17]  M. Woodruff,et al.  Paraquat Poisoning—Lung Transplantation , 1968, British medical journal.

[18]  M. Kristensen,et al.  Rapid evaluation of creatinine clearance. , 1971, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[19]  L. L. Smith,et al.  Factors affecting the efflux of paraquat from rat lung slices. , 1981, Toxicology.

[20]  W. N. Rogers,et al.  Paraquat poisoning-prolonged excretion. , 1971, Clinical toxicology.

[21]  A. Proudfoot,et al.  PARAQUAT POISONING: SIGNIFICANCE OF PLASMA-PARAQUAT CONCENTRATIONS , 1979, The Lancet.

[22]  F Nielsen-Kudsk,et al.  A microcomputer program in Basic for iterative, non-linear data-fitting to pharmacokinetic functions. , 1983, International journal of bio-medical computing.

[23]  R. Garnier,et al.  Paraquat poisoning: biological presentation. , 1988, Journal de toxicologie clinique et experimentale.

[24]  R. R. Mildenberger,et al.  A Computerized Cumulative Integral Method for the Precise Measurement of the Glomerular Filtration Rate 1 , 1972, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.