Estimation of anterior cruciate ligament tension from inverse dynamics data and electromyography in females during drop landing.

BACKGROUND Recent human performance studies have shown that various kinematic and kinetic parameters may be implicated in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during landing and cutting. In this paper, a phenomenological sagittal plane model was used to estimate the ACL tension during drop landing from the net knee moments and forces, obtained from inverse dynamics and electromyography. METHODS Model parameters were determined with data from anatomical and ACL loading studies of cadaveric specimens. The model was used to process averaged data from 60 cm drop landing trials of sixteen healthy females. FINDINGS ACL loading during drop landing occurred during the between toe and heel impact with a peak tension of 0.15 body weight. The factors that contributed to ACL tension were the patellar tendon force and the tibial slope in combination with the joint axial loads. Factors responsible for reducing ACL tension were hamstring and ground reaction forces. INTERPRETATION Sagittal plane results largely confirmed a previous forward dynamics study of landing. The knee appeared to be largely stabilized against abduction moments due to the large axial loads present during drop landing for typical landing trials. Rotational moments were small in drop landing and contributed little to ACL tension. Estimates from this model can be used in human performance studies to determine the relative amount of ACL tension produced in different landing scenarios.

[1]  B. Beynnon,et al.  A new device to measure knee laxity during weightbearing and non‐weightbearing conditions , 2001, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[2]  A. J. van den Bogert,et al.  ON OPTIMAL FILTERING FOR INVERSE DYNAMICS ANALYSIS , 1996 .

[3]  R. Norman,et al.  Mechanically corrected EMG for the continuous estimation of erector spinae muscle loading during repetitive lifting , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[4]  At L Hof,et al.  Handling of impact forces in inverse dynamics. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[5]  R. Baker.  Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation , 2006, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[6]  R J Johnson,et al.  The effect of weightbearing and external loading on anterior cruciate ligament strain. , 2001, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  Tanaka Tanaka,et al.  Strain-Rate Dependence of Mechanical Failure Properties of Rabbit MCL and ACL , 2003 .

[8]  M. Dijkers,et al.  Hip joint center location from palpable bony landmarks--a cadaver study. , 1995, Journal of biomechanics.

[9]  S. Woo,et al.  Effects of Increasing Tibial Slope on the Biomechanics of the Knee , 2004, The American journal of sports medicine.

[10]  M. Pandy,et al.  A musculoskeletal model of the knee for evaluating ligament forces during isometric contractions. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[11]  S. McLean,et al.  Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement. , 2003, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[12]  K. Markolf,et al.  The role of the meniscus in the anterior-posterior stability of the loaded anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Effects of partial versus total excision. , 1986, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[13]  M. Torry,et al.  Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanics during drop landings. , 2005, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[14]  M. Pandy,et al.  A Dynamic Optimization Solution for Vertical Jumping in Three Dimensions. , 1999, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[15]  W E Garrett,et al.  A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. , 2001, Clinical biomechanics.

[16]  A. Cappozzo,et al.  Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 3. Soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation. , 2005, Gait & posture.

[17]  D. Lloyd,et al.  An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model to estimate muscle forces and knee joint moments in vivo. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[18]  C. Maganaris.  Force‐length characteristics of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle , 2003, Clinical anatomy.

[19]  K. Markolf,et al.  Direct measurement of resultant forces in the anterior cruciate ligament. An in vitro study performed with a new experimental technique. , 1990, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[20]  M P Kadaba,et al.  Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking , 1990, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[21]  J. Cram,et al.  Introduction to Surface Electromyography , 1998 .

[22]  R. Marshall,et al.  Important features associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. , 1990, The New Zealand medical journal.

[23]  M. Torry,et al.  Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energy absorption during landing. , 2003, Clinical biomechanics.

[24]  Thomas P Andriacchi,et al.  The influence of deceleration forces on ACL strain during single-leg landing: a simulation study. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[25]  Freddie H Fu,et al.  Gender Differences in Strength and Lower Extremity Kinematics During Landing , 2002, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[26]  Kevin R Ford,et al.  Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players. , 2003, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[27]  F. Noyes,et al.  The Effect of Neuromuscular Training on the Incidence of Knee Injury in Female Athletes , 1999, The American journal of sports medicine.

[28]  James A Ashton-Miller,et al.  The effect of an impulsive knee valgus moment on in vitro relative ACL strain during a simulated jump landing. , 2006, Clinical biomechanics.

[29]  A Huson,et al.  Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. , 1990, Journal of biomechanics.

[30]  Bing Yu,et al.  Age and Gender Effects on Lower Extremity Kinematics of Youth Soccer Players in a Stop-Jump Task , 2005, The American journal of sports medicine.

[31]  R J Johnson,et al.  The gastrocnemius muscle is an antagonist of the anterior cruciate ligament , 2001, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[32]  B. Boden,et al.  Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. , 2000, Orthopedics.

[33]  T. Hewett,et al.  A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes , 2005, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[34]  K. Markolf,et al.  Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces , 1995, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[35]  Bing Yu,et al.  Lower extremity biomechanics during the landing of a stop-jump task. , 2006, Clinical biomechanics.

[36]  Lars Engebretsen,et al.  Injury Mechanisms for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Team Handball , 2004, The American journal of sports medicine.

[37]  Bing Yu,et al.  A Comparison of Knee Kinetics between Male and Female Recreational Athletes in Stop-Jump Tasks , 2002, The American journal of sports medicine.

[38]  T. Buchanan,et al.  Strategies of muscular support of varus and valgus isometric loads at the human knee. , 2001, Journal of biomechanics.

[39]  Lorenzo Chiari,et al.  Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 4: assessment of anatomical landmark misplacement and its effects on joint kinematics. , 2005, Gait & posture.

[40]  W. Herzog,et al.  Lines of action and moment arms of the major force-carrying structures crossing the human knee joint. , 1993, Journal of anatomy.

[41]  Marcus G Pandy,et al.  Model prediction of anterior cruciate ligament force during drop-landings. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[42]  H. K. Ramakrishnan,et al.  Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait , 1989, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[43]  K. Markolf,et al.  The role of joint load in knee stability. , 1981, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[44]  A. Caraffa,et al.  In vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain behaviour during a rapid deceleration movement: case report , 2003, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.

[45]  D. Kirkendall,et al.  Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Anatomy, physiology, and motor control , 2002 .