Towards Materials for Computational Heirlooms: Blockchains and Wristwatches

This paper explores the contrasting notions of "permanance and disposability," "the digital and the physical," and "symbolism and function" in the context of interaction design. Drawing from diverse streams of knowledge, we describe a novel design direction for enduring computational heirlooms based on the marriage of decentralized, trustless software and durable mobile hardware. To justify this concept, we review prior research; attempt to redefine the notion of "material;" propose blockchain-based software as a particular digital material to serve as a substrate for computational heirlooms; and argue for the use of mobile artifacts, informed in terms of their materials and formgiving practices by mechanical wristwatches, as its physical embodiment and functional counterpart. This integration is meant to enable mobile and ubiquitous interactive systems for the storing, experiencing, and exchanging value throughout multiple human lifetimes; showcasing the feats of computational sciences and crafts; and enabling novel user experiences.

[1]  Pernille Bjørn,et al.  Growing the Blockchain Information Infrastructure , 2017, CHI.

[2]  Marcus Foth,et al.  The promise of blockchain technology for interaction design , 2017, OZCHI.

[3]  Jinmin Seok,et al.  Non-finito products: a new design space of user creativity for personal user experience , 2014, CHI.

[4]  Elvin Karana,et al.  Toward a New Materials Aesthetic Based on Imperfection and Graceful Aging , 2014 .

[5]  Jodi Forlizzi,et al.  Understanding experience in interactive systems , 2004, DIS '04.

[6]  Corina Sas,et al.  Design for Trust: An Exploration of the Challenges and Opportunities of Bitcoin Users , 2017, CHI.

[7]  Johan Redström,et al.  Computational composites , 2007, CHI.

[8]  Yue Pan Fashion thinking and sustainable HCI , 2014, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[9]  Colin Potts,et al.  Design of Everyday Things , 1988 .

[10]  Muneeb Ali,et al.  Blockstack: A Global Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains , 2016, USENIX Annual Technical Conference.

[11]  Thorstein Veblen,et al.  The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions , 2000 .

[12]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Passing on & putting to rest: understanding bereavement in the context of interactive technologies , 2010, CHI.

[13]  Dennis M. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Implantable Electronic Medical Devices , 2014 .

[14]  Hugues Jeannerat,et al.  Non-technological innovation and multi-local territorial knowledge dynamics in the Swiss watch industry , 2011 .

[15]  John Zimmerman,et al.  Research through design as a method for interaction design research in HCI , 2007, CHI.

[16]  Simeon Simoff,et al.  Towards an Agenda for Sci-Fi Inspired HCI Research , 2016, ACE.

[17]  Daniel Davis Wood,et al.  ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION LEDGER , 2014 .

[18]  Brian Randell The origins of computer programming , 1994, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

[19]  Erik Stolterman,et al.  Form and materiality in interaction design: a new approach to HCI , 2011, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[20]  Eli Blevis,et al.  SUSTAINABLY OURSPersonal inventories in the context of sustainability and interaction design , 2008, INTR.

[21]  Kayhan Tajeddini,et al.  The potential for innovativeness: a tale of the Swiss watch industry , 2008 .

[22]  Erik Stolterman,et al.  Digital form and materiality: propositions for a new approach to interaction design research , 2012, NordiCHI.

[23]  Sepandar D. Kamvar,et al.  Motivating urban cycling through a blockchain-based financial incentives system , 2017, UbiComp/ISWC Adjunct.

[24]  L. Bannon Forgetting as a feature, not a bug: the dualityof memory and implications for ubiquitous computing , 2006 .

[25]  James R. Lloyd,et al.  Electromigration in integrated circuit conductors , 1999 .

[26]  Jeremy Clark,et al.  A first look at the usability of bitcoin key management , 2018, ArXiv.

[27]  Ronald Baecker,et al.  Dealing with death in design: developing systems for the bereaved , 2011, CHI.

[28]  Evangelos Karapanos,et al.  User experience over time , 2008, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[29]  Eli Blevis,et al.  Sustainable interaction design: invention & disposal, renewal & reuse , 2007, CHI.

[30]  R. Belk Possessions and the Extended Self , 1988 .

[31]  Lee A. Bygrave,et al.  A right to be forgotten? , 2014, Commun. ACM.

[32]  Edward W. Felten,et al.  Secrecy, flagging, and paranoia: adoption criteria in encrypted email , 2006, CHI.

[33]  K. Friedman Research into, by and for design , 2008 .

[34]  Rikard Lindell Crafting interaction: The epistemology of modern programming , 2013, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[35]  Edgar R. Weippl,et al.  The Other Side of the Coin: User Experiences with Bitcoin Security and Privacy , 2016, Financial Cryptography.

[36]  Khai N. Truong,et al.  Breaking the disposable technology paradigm: opportunities for sustainable interaction design for mobile phones , 2008, CHI.

[37]  S. Popov The Tangle , 2015 .

[38]  S. Anwar Selling Time: Swatch Group and the Global Watch Industry , 2012 .

[39]  Jordi Suñé,et al.  Reliability Wearout Mechanisms in Advanced CMOS Technologies , 2009 .

[40]  Paul A. Solomon,et al.  Breakdown in silicon oxide−A review , 1977 .

[41]  Nigel Davies,et al.  Exploring Motivations for Bitcoin Technology Usage , 2016, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[42]  John Zimmerman,et al.  User experience over time: an initial framework , 2009, CHI.

[43]  John C. Thomas,et al.  Re-conceptualizing fashion in sustainable HCI , 2012, DIS '12.

[44]  Brian Burns Re-evaluating Obsolescence and Planning for It , 2016 .

[45]  John C. Thomas,et al.  Hot or not: a qualitative study on ecological impact of social media & fashion consumption , 2012, CSCW.

[46]  Phoebe Sengers,et al.  Mapping the landscape of sustainable HCI , 2010, CHI.

[47]  Paul Voosen Armed with tough computer chips, scientists are ready to return to the hell of Venus , 2017 .

[48]  Ronald Baecker,et al.  A death in the family: opportunities for designing technologies for the bereaved , 2010, CHI.

[49]  Erik Stolterman,et al.  Material probe: exploring materiality of digital artifacts , 2010, TEI.

[50]  Eli Blevis,et al.  Fashion Thinking: Fashion Practices and Sustainable Interaction Design , 2015 .

[51]  Vasiliki Tsaknaki,et al.  Leather as a material for crafting interactive and physical artifacts , 2014, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[52]  E. Stolterman,et al.  How Deep Is Your Love : Deep Narratives of Ensoulment and Heirloom Status , 2011 .

[53]  Allison Druin,et al.  Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families , 2003, CHI '03.

[54]  Sarah Diefenbach,et al.  Aesthetics of interaction: a literature synthesis , 2014, NordiCHI.

[55]  Johan Redström,et al.  Abstract information appliances: methodological exercises in conceptual design of computational things , 2002, DIS '02.

[56]  Mody,et al.  Bitcoin and Blockchain : A peer to peer electronic cash system , 2018 .

[57]  P. Dourish,et al.  Media as Material: Information Representations as Material Foundations for Organizational Practice , 2011 .

[58]  Vasiliki Tsaknaki,et al.  Articulating Challenges of Hybrid Crafting for the Case of Interactive Silversmith Practice , 2017, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[59]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  On human remains: Values and practice in the home archiving of cherished objects , 2010, TCHI.

[60]  Martin Woolley,et al.  Choreographing obsolescence - ecodesign: the pleasure/dissatisfaction cycle , 2003, DPPI '03.

[61]  Eli Blevis,et al.  Fashion thinking: lessons from fashion and sustainable interaction design, concepts and issues , 2014, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[62]  Phoebe Sengers,et al.  Nourishing the ground for sustainable HCI: considerations from ecologically engaged art , 2009, CHI.

[63]  William Odom,et al.  Personal inventories: toward durable human-product relationships , 2008, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[64]  Jonas Löwgren Interaction design, research practices and design research on the digital materials , 2015 .

[65]  Jakob Tholander,et al.  Revisiting the jacquard loom: threads of history and current patterns in HCI , 2012, CHI.

[66]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  The meaning of things: Coding categories and definitions , 1981 .

[67]  Sharon Poggenpohl,et al.  Thoughtful Interaction Design: A Design Perspective on Information Technology , 2007 .

[68]  Shaowen Bardzell,et al.  Deep Narratives of Ensoulment and Heirloom Status , 2011 .

[69]  Rob Miller,et al.  Johnny 2: a user test of key continuity management with S/MIME and Outlook Express , 2005, SOUPS '05.

[70]  P. Baran,et al.  On Distributed Communications Networks , 1964 .

[71]  Morten Fjeld,et al.  WristOrigami: Exploring Foldable Design for Multi-Display Smartwatch , 2018, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[72]  Yeun-Ho Joung,et al.  Development of Implantable Medical Devices: From an Engineering Perspective , 2013, International neurourology journal.

[73]  Eli Blevis,et al.  Understanding why we preserve some things and discard others in the context of interaction design , 2009, CHI.

[74]  Hiroshi Ishii,et al.  Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms , 1997, CHI.

[75]  Vasiliki Tsaknaki,et al.  Expanding on Wabi-Sabi as a Design Resource in HCI , 2016, CHI.

[76]  Elgar Fleisch,et al.  Blockchain as a privacy enabler: an odometer fraud prevention system , 2017, UbiComp/ISWC Adjunct.

[77]  J. Doug Tygar,et al.  Why Johnny Can't Encrypt: A Usability Evaluation of PGP 5.0 , 1999, USENIX Security Symposium.

[78]  Simson L. Garfinkel,et al.  How to make secure email easier to use , 2005, CHI.

[79]  S. Campbell The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication , 2001 .

[80]  K. M. Trauth,et al.  Expert judgment on markers to deter inadvertent human intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant , 1993 .

[81]  Erik Stolterman,et al.  The Design Way: Intentional Change in an Unpredictable World , 2002 .

[82]  Grant Mccracken,et al.  Culture and Consumption among the Elderly: Three Research Objectives in an Emerging Field , 1987, Ageing and Society.

[83]  Anna Vallgårda,et al.  Giving form to computational things: developing a practice of interaction design , 2014, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[84]  Karl Marx,et al.  Capital: A Critique of Political Economy; The Process of Capitalist Production , 1967 .

[85]  Markus Bick,et al.  Cryptocurrencies as a Disruption? Empirical Findings on User Adoption and Future Potential of Bitcoin and Co , 2015, I3E.

[86]  Harold G. Nelson,et al.  Design Way: Intentional Change in an Unpredictable World - Foundations and Fundamentals of Design Competence , 2003 .

[87]  David Kirk On the Design of Technology Heirlooms , 2008 .

[88]  Batya Friedman,et al.  Multi-lifespan information system design: a research initiative for the hci community , 2010, CHI.

[89]  Elaine M. Huang,et al.  Inspiring the design of longer-lived electronics through an understanding of personal attachment , 2012, DIS '12.

[90]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Technology heirlooms?: considerations for passing down and inheriting digital materials , 2012, CHI.

[91]  P. Verbeek What Things Do: Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design , 2005 .

[92]  Chris Speed,et al.  'Effing' the ineffable: opening up understandings of the blockchain , 2015, BCS HCI.

[93]  E. Stolterman,et al.  Ensoulment and Sustainable Interaction Design , 2007 .

[94]  Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[95]  E. Rochberg-Halton,et al.  Object Relations, Role Models, and Cultivation of the Self , 1984 .

[96]  Daniela Karin Rosner,et al.  Broken probes: toward the design of worn media , 2014, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[97]  K. Marx Capital: A Critique of Political Economy , 1867 .