Medikamentöse Therapieansätze zur Behandlung der männlichen Infertilität

Die kausale medikamentöse Therapie der männlichen Infertilität beschränkt sich bis dato auf umschriebene, mehrheitlich endokrinologisch definier- te Erkrankungsformen und deren Korrektur. Etablierte Therapien sind hierbei die Testosteronersatztherapie bzw. die Applikation von Gonadotropinen. Sehr gut eingeführt und abgesichert ist die Behandlung der Hyperprolaktinämie. Zusätzlich lassen sich Infektionen einfach, sicher, effektiv und vor allem kausal therapieren. Aus der Erfahrung heraus werden zahlreiche Therapien mit dem Ziel der Beeinflussung einer gestörten Spermatogenese angeboten, deren tatsächlicher Wert meist nicht abschließend beurteilt werden kann, da keine suffiziente Datenlage existiert. Es bleibt im Einzelfall zu prüfen, welche der bekannten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten dem infertilen Mann sicher und effizient helfen könnte. Große Hoffnungen werden auf die molekularbiologischen Forschungen gesetzt, die vielleicht in Zukunft eine Restitution der gestörten Spermatogenese über gezielte Beeinflussung der parakrinen und juxtakrinen testikulären Signalwege ermöglichen werden. Treatment of male infertility is still an area under development. Beside causal treatment regimens of mostly endocrine disturbances there is a variety of concepts without definitive proof attempting to treat those conditions. While testosterone replacement therapy is well-established, the application of gonadotrophins seems to be a safe and effective treatment. There are also effective treatment options in cases of hyperprolactinemia. The cure of infections by antibiotics and antiinflammatory drugs is simple, efficient, safe, and causal. However, there is a variety of conditions of impaired spermatogenesis, which is difficult to treat. Among others, there are therapeutic regimens trying to target the spermatogenesis by antioxidatives, motility enhancers, supplements and others. The common cause while these indications are called empirical is the lack of robust data to confirm their efficacy.

[1]  H. Behre,et al.  Tamoxifen bei männlicher Infertilität*: Analyse einer fragwürdigen Therapie , 2008 .

[2]  C. Farquhar,et al.  Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[3]  A. Barlier,et al.  Quinagolide--a valuable treatment option for hyperprolactinaemia. , 2006, European journal of endocrinology.

[4]  L. Rienzi,et al.  ICSI in cases of sperm DNA damage: beneficial effect of oral antioxidant treatment. , 2006, Human reproduction.

[5]  G. Haidl,et al.  Role of granulocyte elastase and interleukin‐6 in the diagnosis of male genital tract inflammation , 2005, Andrologia.

[6]  E. Koukkou,et al.  Responsiveness to tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate is independent of the severity of idiopathic oligozoospermia. , 2005, Journal of Andrology.

[7]  J. Alvarez 'Efficient treatment of infertility due to sperm DNA damage by ICSI with testicular sperm'. , 2005, Human Reproduction.

[8]  G. Delitala,et al.  Successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation with the α1-adrenergic agonist methoxamine: case study , 2005, International journal of impotence research.

[9]  G. Block,et al.  Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. , 2005, Human reproduction.

[10]  G. Bartsch,et al.  Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery may improve the fertility index in undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. , 2005, The Journal of urology.

[11]  C. Giorgetti,et al.  Crude cumulative delivery rate following ICSI using intentionally frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa in 51 men with non-obstructive azoospermia. , 2005, Reproductive biomedicine online.

[12]  A. Colao,et al.  PRL Secreting Adenomas in Male Patients , 2005, Pituitary.

[13]  D. Rees,et al.  Azoospermia in testicular sarcoidosis is an indication for corticosteroid therapy. , 2004, Fertility and sterility.

[14]  A. El‐Tawil Zinc deficiency in men with Crohn's disease may contribute to poor sperm function and male infertility , 2003, Andrologia.

[15]  E. Koukkou,et al.  Effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. , 2003, Fertility and sterility.

[16]  A. Lenzi,et al.  Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. , 2003, Fertility and sterility.

[17]  M. Välimäki,et al.  Primary infertility in 45-year-old man with untreated 21-hydroxylase deficiency: successful outcome with glucocorticoid therapy. , 2002, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[18]  G. Zielhuis,et al.  Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. , 2002, Fertility and sterility.

[19]  P. Schlegel,et al.  Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[20]  T. Strowitzki,et al.  Are zinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality? , 2002, Fertility and sterility.

[21]  E. Brähler,et al.  Zur Epidemiologie gewollter und ungewollter Kinderlosigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland , 2001 .

[22]  W. Dhooge,et al.  The effects of combined conventional treatment, oral antioxidants and essential fatty acids on sperm biology in subfertile men. , 2000, Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids.

[23]  G. Haidl,et al.  Drug treatment of male fertility disorders. , 2000, Asian Journal of Andrology.

[24]  M. Plebani,et al.  FSH in the treatment of oligozoospermia , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[25]  R. Lilford,et al.  Kinin-enhancing drugs for unexplained subfertility in men. , 1996, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[26]  R. Lilford,et al.  Clomiphene or tamoxifen for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia. , 1996, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[27]  Z. Rokyta,et al.  Effect of corticosteroids on sperm antibody concentration in different biological fluids and on pregnancy outcome in immunologic infertility. , 2000, Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie.

[28]  J. Jarow Follicle-stimulating hormone treatment for men with idiopathic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia before in vitro fertilization: the impact on sperm microstructure and fertilization potential. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[29]  G. Haidl Which efforts towards conservative treatment of male infertility will be successful? Mast cell blockers , 1999, Andrologia.

[30]  Z. Ben-Rafael,et al.  The role of purified follicle stimulating hormone therapy in the male partner before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. , 1999, Fertility and sterility.

[31]  E. Nieschlag,et al.  Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. , 1999, Human reproduction.

[32]  H. Dashti,et al.  Treatment of asthenozoospermia with zinc sulphate: andrological, immunological and obstetric outcome. , 1998, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[33]  V. McKelvey-Martin,et al.  The effects of antioxidant supplementation during Percoll preparation on human sperm DNA integrity. , 1998, Human reproduction.

[34]  C. Foresta,et al.  Evidence for a stimulatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone on the spermatogonial population in adult males. , 1998, Fertility and sterility.

[35]  J. Kratzsch,et al.  Effects of pure human follicle‐stimulating hormone (pFSH) on sperm quality correlate with the hypophyseal response to gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) * , 2009, Andrologia.

[36]  B. Corcóstegui,et al.  Treatment of the male with follicle-stimulating hormone in intrauterine insemination with husband's spermatozoa: a randomized study. , 1998, Human reproduction.

[37]  S. Savastano,et al.  Success of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on fertility in two adult males with 21-CAH homozygote classic form , 1997, Journal of endocrinological investigation.

[38]  S. Suleiman,et al.  Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E. , 1996, Journal of andrology.

[39]  E. Fabbri,et al.  Effectiveness of pentoxifylline in semen preparation for intrauterine insemination. , 1996, Human reproduction.

[40]  D. Irvine,et al.  Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility. , 1996, Reviews of reproduction.

[41]  E. Nieschlag,et al.  [Tamoxifen in male infertility. Analysis of a questionable therapy]. , 1996, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift.

[42]  E. Nieschlag,et al.  Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin for induction of spermatogenesis in a hypogonadotropic male , 1998 .

[43]  K. Miyake,et al.  New treatment of idiopathic severe oligozoospermia with mast cell blocker: results of a single-blind study. , 1995, Fertility and sterility.

[44]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Andrology: Results of 55 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in the treatment of male-immunological infertility , 1995 .

[45]  E. Nieschlag,et al.  Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone**Study medication was supplied by Organon International, Oss, The Netherlands. and human chorionic gonadotropin for induction of spermatogenesis in a hypogonadotropic male††Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, Germany (Ni 130/11). , 1995 .

[46]  G. Vitali,et al.  Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results. , 1995, Drugs under experimental and clinical research.

[47]  A. Lenzi,et al.  L‐ carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study , 2009, Andrologia.

[48]  S. Passi,et al.  Andrology: Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process , 1994 .

[49]  E. Nieschlag,et al.  Ineffectiveness of kallikrein in treatment of idiopathic male infertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. , 1994, Human reproduction.

[50]  A. Lenzi,et al.  Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. , 1993, Human reproduction.

[51]  J. Tesarik,et al.  Sperm treatment with pentoxifylline improves the fertilizing ability in patients with acrosome reaction insufficiency , 1993, Fertility and sterility.

[52]  V. Kay,et al.  Pentoxifylline stimulates hyperactivation in human spermatozoa. , 1993, Human reproduction.

[53]  S. Oehninger,et al.  Pure human follicle stimulating hormone has a role in the treatment of severe male infertility by assisted reproduction: Norfolk's total experience. , 1992, Human reproduction.

[54]  W. Krause,et al.  Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with tamoxifen--a randomized controlled study. , 1992, International journal of andrology.

[55]  E. Tsai,et al.  Effects of pentoxifylline in the hamster zona-free oocyte spermatozoa penetration assay and on spermatozoa transmembrane migration motility. , 1992, European Urology.

[56]  A. Lenzi,et al.  Glutathione therapy for male infertility. , 1992, Archives of andrology.

[57]  A. Spira,et al.  Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988-1989). , 1991, Human reproduction.

[58]  C. Y. Hong,et al.  Pentoxifylline stimulates human sperm motility both in vitro and after oral therapy. , 1991, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[59]  R. V. Clark,et al.  Treatment of men with idiopathic oligozoospermic infertility using the aromatase inhibitor, testolactone. Results of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with crossover. , 1989, Journal of andrology.

[60]  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TASK FORC Infertility Mesterolone and idiopathic male infertility: a double-blind study. World Health Organization Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. , 1989, International Journal of Andrology.

[61]  A. Desmond,et al.  Changes in Seminal Quality Following Oral Zinc Therapy , 2009, Andrologia.

[62]  L. Björndahl,et al.  Sperm nuclear zinc, chromatin stability, and male fertility. , 1987, Scanning microscopy.

[63]  H. Korting,et al.  [Long-term therapy of oligozoospermia with the aromatase inhibitor testolactone]. , 1987, Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete.

[64]  J. Ring,et al.  The Use of Ketotifen, a Mast Cell Blocker, for Treatment of Oligo‐ and Asthenozoospermia * , 2009, Andrologia.

[65]  W. Krause,et al.  Treatment of Oligozoospermia by Tamoxifen: No Evidence for Direct Testicular Action , 2009, Andrologia.

[66]  P. Marrama,et al.  Further Studies on the Effects of Pentoxifylline on Sperm Count and Sperm Motility in Patients with Idiopathic Oligo‐Asthenozoospermia , 2009, Andrologia.

[67]  Robert C. Wolpert,et al.  A Review of the , 1985 .

[68]  H. Zuckerman,et al.  The prostaglandin inhibitor effect of antiinflammatory drugs in the therapy of male infertility. , 1984, Fertility and sterility.

[69]  C. W. Chan,et al.  Comparison of the effectiveness of placebo, clomiphene citrate, mesterolone, pentoxifylline, and testosterone rebound therapy for the treatment of idiopathic oligospermia. , 1983, Fertility and sterility.

[70]  Schill Wb [Therapy of idiopathic astheno- and oligozoospermia with pentoxifylline]. , 1982 .

[71]  W. Schill [Therapy of idiopathic astheno- and oligozoospermia with pentoxifylline]. , 1982, Fortschritte der Medizin.

[72]  K. Yamada,et al.  Mastocytosis occurring in the testes from patients with idiopathic male infertility. , 1981, Fertility and sterility.

[73]  L. Schwarzstein,et al.  Pentoxifylline (BL 191) by Oral Administration in the Treatment of Asthenozoospermia , 2009, Andrologia.

[74]  W. Schill Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia by kallikrein: results of a double-blind study. , 1979, Archives of andrology.

[75]  D. London,et al.  Hormonal effects of tamoxifen in oligospermic men. , 1977, The Journal of endocrinology.

[76]  J. Marmar,et al.  Semen zinc levels in infertile and postvasectomy patients and patients with prostatitis. , 1975, Fertility and sterility.

[77]  A. Klopper,et al.  ANTIOESTROGENS: A REVIEW , 1975, Clinical endocrinology.