Phase detector models and their performances for IF/baseband frequency recovery for complex envelope based DSP implemented PLL

This paper discusses four phase detector (PD) models that could be used in DSP implemented phase locked loops (PLL) for frequency recovery at intermediate frequency (IF) or at baseband. The PD models, which are nonlinear functions in general, can be easily implemented in DSP. The steady state and the acquisition performances of the PD models are discussed and compared with each other, and the noise statistics are explored by means of computer experiments and numerical analysis.