Within-person relationships between mood and creativity.

State mood has been proposed as a facilitator of creative behavior. Whereas positive mood compared to neutral mood generally facilitates creative performance, mood effects are weaker and less consistent when positive mood is compared to negative mood. These inconsistent results may be due to focusing only on mood valence, while neglecting or confounding mood activation. The current study is based on the dual-pathway model, which describes separate roles for mood valence and mood activation in facilitating creativity. We used experience sampling methodology to investigate the concurrent and lagged effects of mood valence and activation on creative process engagement (CPE) within-person over time among individuals working on a long-term project requiring creativity. We also investigated the moderating effects of individual differences in goal orientation and supervisory support on within-person mood-creativity relationships. As expected, we found that activating positive and activating negative moods were positively associated with concurrent CPE, whereas deactivating moods of both valences were negatively related to CPE. Activating negative mood had a significant lagged effect on CPE, whereas activating positive mood did not. We also found that activating positive mood was more strongly related to concurrent CPE among individuals with high rather than low learning goal orientation. Further, activating positive mood interacted with prove goal orientation and supervisory support for creativity, such that activating positive mood had the strongest association with CPE when both prove goal orientation and supervisory support were high.

[1]  Karen Gasper,et al.  Affect as information , 2013 .

[2]  C. Shalley,et al.  WHAT LEADERS NEED TO KNOW: A REVIEW OF SOCIAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS THAT CAN FOSTER OR HINDER CREATIVITY , 2004 .

[3]  A. Tesser,et al.  Mood as Input: What We Think About How We Feel Determines How We Think , 1996 .

[4]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  The role of affective experience in work motivation: Test of a conceptual model. , 2010, Journal of organizational behavior.

[5]  J. George,et al.  Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: the role of context and clarity of feelings. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[6]  Don VandeWalle,et al.  The Role of Goal Orientation on Negative Emotions and Goal Setting When Initial Performance Falls Short of One's Performance Goal , 2005 .

[7]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[8]  Remus Ilies,et al.  Understanding the dynamic relationships among personality, mood, and job satisfaction: A field experience sampling study , 2002 .

[9]  G. Spreitzer.  PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT IN THE WORKPLACE: DIMENSIONS, MEASUREMENT, AND VALIDATION , 1995 .

[10]  D. Levine,et al.  A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. , 1999, Psychological review.

[11]  Brent A. Scott,et al.  The Interactive Effects of Personal Traits and Experienced States on Intraindividual Patterns of Citizenship Behavior , 2006 .

[12]  Timothy A. Judge,et al.  Insomnia, Emotions, and Job Satisfaction: A Multilevel Study , 2006 .

[13]  Tammy L. Rapp,et al.  Laying the foundation for successful team performance trajectories: The roles of team charters and performance strategies. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[14]  Onne Janssen,et al.  Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction , 2004 .

[15]  K. M. Bartol,et al.  Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement , 2010 .

[16]  Ricky W. Griffin,et al.  Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity , 1993 .

[17]  A. Elliot.  Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation , 2008 .

[18]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[19]  L. Gumusluoglu,et al.  Transformational Leadership, Creativity, and Organizational Innovation , 2009 .

[20]  G. R. Oldham,et al.  The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[21]  R. Wyer,et al.  Mood as Input: People Have to Interpret the Motivational Implications of Their Moods Moods and Processing , 2022 .

[22]  C. Dweck,et al.  Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  THE ROLE OF AFFECTIVE EXPERIENCE IN WORK MOTIVATION. , 2004, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[24]  Sean M. McCrea,et al.  I want to be creative: exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  Sandra L. Fisher,et al.  DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF LEARNER EFFORT AND GOAL ORIENTATION ON TWO LEARNING OUTCOMES , 1998 .

[26]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[27]  H. Gough.  A Creative Personality Scale for the Adjective Check List , 1979 .

[28]  Jing Zhou.  When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[29]  J. George,et al.  When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice , 2001 .

[30]  T. Judge,et al.  Affect and job satisfaction: a study of their relationship at work and at home. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[31]  Marilyn A. Uy,et al.  How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs' affect and venture effort. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[32]  J. Harackiewicz,et al.  Goal setting, achievement orientation, and intrinsic motivation: a mediational analysis. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  G. Clore,et al.  Mood as Information: 20 Years Later , 2003 .

[34]  Richard P. DeShon,et al.  A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[35]  T. Dalgleish,et al.  Handbook of cognition and emotion , 1999 .

[36]  S. Wood-Dauphinée,et al.  There's no place like home : an evaluation of early supported discharge for stroke. , 2000, Stroke.

[37]  Karen Gasper,et al.  When necessity is the mother of invention: Mood and problem solving , 2003 .

[38]  J. George,et al.  When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: an interactional approach. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[39]  Mark A. Davis.  Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: A meta-analysis , 2009 .

[40]  A. Elliot,et al.  A 2 X 2 achievement goal framework. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  Michael D. Robinson,et al.  Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: evidence for two judgment processes. , 2002 .

[42]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Handbook of Organizational Creativity , 2012 .

[43]  G. Kaufmann.  The Effect of Mood On Creativity in the Innovative Process , 2003 .

[44]  Michael G. Pratt,et al.  There's No Place like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees' Creative Performance , 2002 .

[45]  J. Forgas.  Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition , 2001 .

[46]  C. Dweck,et al.  A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality , 1988 .

[47]  P. Tierney,et al.  The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity , 2004 .

[48]  D. Vandewalle.  Development and Validation of a Work Domain Goal Orientation Instrument , 1997 .

[49]  Thomas H. Thornburg.  Creativity in organizations , 1988 .

[50]  Stephanie C Payne,et al.  A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. , 2007, The Journal of applied psychology.

[51]  J. Förster,et al.  Interactive Effects of Mood and Task Framing on Creative Generation , 2007 .

[52]  B. Fredrickson.  The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. , 2001, The American psychologist.

[53]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. , 1999 .

[54]  J. Farh,et al.  Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self-Efficacy , 2009 .

[55]  K. E. Barron,et al.  Predicting Success in College: A Longitudinal Study of Achievement Goals and Ability Measures as Predictors of Interest and Performance From Freshman Year Through Graduation , 2002 .

[56]  R. Rumberger.  Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods: and. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992. (ISBN 0-8039-4627-9), pp. xvi + 265. Price: U.S. $45.00 (cloth) , 1997 .

[57]  D. Steele-Johnson,et al.  Goal orientation and task demand effects on motivation, affect, and performance. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[58]  R. Tett,et al.  A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[59]  A. Tesser,et al.  Striving and Feeling : Interactions Among Goals, Affect, and Self-regulation , 2010 .

[60]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions , 2000 .

[61]  Jing Zhou,et al.  A CROSS-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE ON EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY: GOAL ORIENTATION, TEAM LEARNING BEHAVIOR, AND INDIVIDUAL CREATIVITY , 2009 .

[62]  E. Hirt,et al.  The Role of Mood in Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Performance: Single or Multiple Mechanisms? , 1997 .

[63]  N. Ashkanasy,et al.  Creativity as mood regulation , 2010 .

[64]  W. L. Cron,et al.  The role of goal orientation following performance feedback. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[65]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Affect and Creativity at Work , 2005 .

[66]  C. Shalley,et al.  RESEARCH ON EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH , 2003 .

[67]  Cynthia D. Fisher,et al.  A Within-Person Examination of Correlates of Performance and Emotions While Working , 2004, Emotion and Performance.

[68]  C. Shalley,et al.  The Effects of Personal and Contextual Characteristics on Creativity: Where Should We Go from Here? , 2004 .

[69]  P. Tierney,et al.  Creative Self-Efficacy: Its Potential Antecedents and Relationship to Creative Performance , 2002 .

[70]  J. Förster,et al.  Implicit affective cues and attentional tuning: an integrative review. , 2010, Psychological bulletin.

[71]  W. Lyddon.  Creativity in Context: Update to "The Social Psychology of Creativity" , 1998 .

[72]  Markus A. Maier,et al.  Achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions : A theoretical model and prospective test , 2006 .

[73]  Kevin J. Williams,et al.  Role Stressors, Mood Spillover, and Perceptions of Work-Family Conflict in Employed Parents , 1994 .

[74]  A. Isen,et al.  Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[75]  G. Kaufmann,et al.  'Paradoxical' Mood Effects on Creative Problem-solving , 1997 .

[76]  A. Isen,et al.  The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[77]  J. Mathieu,et al.  Goal Orientation in Organizational Research: A Conceptual and Empirical Foundation , 1996 .

[78]  C. Shalley,et al.  INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GROWTH NEED STRENGTH, WORK CONTEXT, AND JOB COMPLEXITY ON SELF-REPORTED CREATIVE PERFORMANCE , 2009 .

[79]  A. Baddeley.  The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[80]  D. Knippenberg,et al.  How Does Bureaucracy Impact Individual Creativity? A Cross-Level Investigation of Team Contextual Influences on Goal Orientation–Creativity Relationships , 2011 .

[81]  Charles A. Scherbaum,et al.  Estimating Statistical Power and Required Sample Sizes for Organizational Research Using Multilevel Modeling , 2009 .

[82]  C. Shalley,et al.  Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance: the role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience. , 2001, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[83]  Christina E. Shalley,et al.  Competition and Creative Performance: Effects of Competitor Presence and Visibility , 1997 .

[84]  J. Brehm.  The Intensity of Emotion , 1999, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[85]  Cynthia D. Fisher,et al.  What If We Took Within-Person Performance Variability Seriously? , 2008, Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

[86]  K. M. Bartol,et al.  The influence of creative process engagement on employee creative performance and overall job performance: a curvilinear assessment. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[87]  D. Hofmann,et al.  The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research. , 2000 .

[88]  Larisa V. Shavinina.  The international handbook on innovation , 2003 .

[89]  Matthijs Baas,et al.  Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[90]  C. Dweck,et al.  Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[91]  Y. Gong.  Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: the mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy , 2009 .

[92]  J. George.  9 Creativity in Organizations , 2007 .

[93]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[94]  J. George,et al.  Dual Tuning in a Supportive Context: Joint Contributions of Positive Mood, Negative Mood, and Supervisory Behaviors to Employee Creativity , 2007 .