Can the WSIS declaration principle and plan of action work in Japan? Digital stratification of Japanese society

This paper will focus on the current condition of the "Information Society" in Japan and analyze whether some aspects of the WSIS Declaration Principle and Plan of Action will work in Japan through the national IT strategy, e-Japan. This paper examines how (a) learning traits. (b) socio-cultural traits and (c) technological issues are causing digital stratification (divides), and discuss four tactics to promote digital inclusion in Japan among its elderly: (i) Clarifying the benefits of digital inclusion and/or demerits of digital exclusion. (ii) fostering self-efficacy in adaptability to change in technology, (iii) increasing cohorts with high digital skills and (iv) developing barrier-free information and communication technology. Along with discussing perspectives on how broadband may intensify exclusion, this paper also ends with a critical perspective on how the Japanese national strategy aimed at efficiency might leave a negative impact on civil society.