Design for 4D printing: A voxel-based modeling and simulation of smart materials

Abstract In the wake of the breakthrough being by additive manufacturing (AM), there is another rapidly growing manufacturing progress: 4D printing (4DP). It is basically AM with, inter alia, smart materials (SMs). Owing to the stimulus-responsive behaviors of these materials, the parts so manufactured are imbued with the ability to change. 4DP is being given huge research efforts regarding its manufacturing aspects. However so little is made to let designers explore the so uncovered design space. Compared to DFAM, what could be called Design for 4D printing (DF4DP) does lag far behind. In this article, a modeling framework for simulating SMs and conventional materials behaviors on a voxel basis is proposed; this allows for arranging materials in any distribution and rapidly evaluating the behavior of the distribution. Homogeneous and heterogeneous objects made of conventional materials and SMs were modeled and simulated. The modeled SMs were limited to non-programmable shape changing SMs including: piezoelectric material, electro-/magneto-/photostrictive materials and hydrogel. A printed smart valve and a theoretical actuator (both from other publications) were used as test cases. These simulations have a speed reasonable for the design iterations needed in conceptual design phase and they yield results in good agreement with physics.

[1]  H. Jerry Qi,et al.  Actuator Designs using Environmentally Responsive Hydrogels , 2008 .

[2]  Shannon E Bakarich,et al.  4D Printing with Mechanically Robust, Thermally Actuating Hydrogels. , 2015, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[3]  Alec Jacobson,et al.  Skinning: real-time shape deformation , 2014, SIGGRAPH ASIA Courses.

[4]  Geoffrey M Spinks,et al.  Three-dimensional printing fiber reinforced hydrogel composites. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[5]  Frederic P. Miller,et al.  Direct Stiffness Method , 2010 .

[6]  B. Kundys.  Photostrictive materials , 2015 .

[7]  Jun Ni,et al.  A review of 4D printing , 2017 .

[8]  Martin Leary,et al.  A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities , 2014 .

[9]  Vadim Shapiro,et al.  Heterogeneous material modeling with distance fields , 2004, Comput. Aided Geom. Des..

[10]  L. You,et al.  Giant photostriction in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites , 2016, Nature Communications.

[11]  Richard S. Trask,et al.  Responsive cellulose-hydrogel composite ink for 4D printing , 2018, Materials & Design.

[12]  H. Qi,et al.  Recent progress in shape memory polymer: New behavior, enabling materials, and mechanistic understanding , 2015 .

[13]  Puneet Tandon,et al.  Heterogeneous object modeling with material convolution surfaces , 2015, Comput. Aided Des..

[14]  Esther Lefebvre,et al.  Smart materials: development of new sensory experiences through stimuli responsive materials , 2014 .

[15]  Brian Mellor,et al.  Multiple material additive manufacturing – Part 1: a review , 2013 .

[16]  Samuel Gomes,et al.  Design for 4D printing: rapidly exploring the design space around smart materials , 2018 .

[17]  Richard S. Trask,et al.  4D printing with robust thermoplastic polyurethane hydrogel-elastomer trilayers , 2019, Materials & Design.

[18]  Wei-Hsin Liao,et al.  Triple shape memory polymers by 4D printing , 2018 .

[19]  ChoiJin,et al.  4D Printing Technology: A Review , 2015 .

[20]  Aphrodite Ktena,et al.  Magnetostriction and magnetostrictive materials for sensing applications , 2007 .

[21]  A. R. Damanpack,et al.  Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing , 2017 .

[22]  Takashi Yamanaka,et al.  Generation of three-dimensional micro structure using metal jet , 2000 .

[23]  F. Martina,et al.  Design for Additive Manufacturing , 2019 .

[24]  Skylar Tibbits,et al.  4D Printing: Multi‐Material Shape Change , 2014 .

[25]  David W. Rosen,et al.  Design for Additive Manufacturing , 2015, Additive Manufacturing Technologies.

[26]  R. Pelrine,et al.  Electrostriction of polymer dielectrics with compliant electrodes as a means of actuation , 1998 .

[27]  Wei-Hsin Liao,et al.  Self-expanding/shrinking structures by 4D printing , 2016 .

[28]  Amir Hosein Sakhaei,et al.  Multimaterial 4D Printing with Tailorable Shape Memory Polymers , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[29]  H. Finkelmann,et al.  A new opto-mechanical effect in solids. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[30]  P. Gonnard,et al.  Matériaux électrostrictifs pour actuateurs , 1988 .

[31]  Mark A. Ganter,et al.  3D-printed mechanochromic materials. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[32]  Jack G. Zhou,et al.  Current status of 4D printing technology and the potential of light-reactive smart materials as 4D printable materials , 2016 .

[33]  Yong Liu,et al.  3D printing of smart materials: A review on recent progresses in 4D printing , 2015 .