I. THE PRESENCE OF THE FUTURE

We view the sense of presence as being the result of an evolved neuropsychological process, created through the evolution of the central nervous system, and which solves a key problem for an organism’s survival: how to differentiate between the internal (the self) and the external (the other). When we experience strong mediated presence, our experience is that the technology has become part of the self, and the mediated reality part of the other. There is no attentional effort of access to information. We can perceive and often act directly, as if unmediated. The rapidly developing phenomena of mediated presence point beyond the replacement of the world with virtual other worlds, and towards dynamically changing relationships between self (and selves) and others. We discuss the implications these developments for the future of the sense of presence and of presence research. 1. The past and future evolution of presence

[1]  H. Ehrsson The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences , 2007, Science.

[2]  Yvonne de Kort,et al.  Is This My Hand I See Before Me? The Rubber Hand Illusion in Reality, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality , 2006, PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments.

[3]  John A. Waterworth Dextrous VR in Professional Settings: the Importance of Stereoscopic Display and Hand-Image Collocation , 2000, EGVE.

[4]  Mel Slater,et al.  Presence and The Sixth Sense , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[5]  John A Waterworth Dextrous and shared interaction with medical data: stereoscopic vision is more important than hand-image collocation. , 2002, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[6]  Matthew Lombard,et al.  At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence , 2006 .

[7]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see , 1998, Nature.

[8]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  Virtual Reality-Based Multidimensional Therapy for the Treatment of Body Image Disturbances in Obesity: A Controlled Study , 2001, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[9]  Frank Biocca,et al.  Virtual Eyes Can Rearrange Your Body: Adaptation to Visual Displacement in See-Through, Head-Mounted Displays , 1998, Presence.

[10]  T. Metzinger,et al.  Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness , 2007, Science.

[11]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  The Layers of Presence: A Bio-cultural Approach to Understanding Presence in Natural and Mediated Environments , 2004, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[12]  Maria V. Sanchez-Vives,et al.  From presence to consciousness through virtual reality , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[13]  P. A. Vorderer,et al.  Multitasking, Presence & Self-Presence on the Wii , 2007 .

[14]  Vadas Gintautas,et al.  Experimental evidence for mixed reality states in an interreality system. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[15]  Suzanne K. Damarin,et al.  The second self: Computers and the human spirit , 1985 .

[16]  Kevin Warwick Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies and the future of human intelligence , 2003 .

[17]  U. Castiello,et al.  Improving left hemispatial neglect using virtual reality , 2004, Neurology.

[18]  G. Riva,et al.  Modifications of Body-Image Induced by Virtual Reality , 1998, Perceptual and motor skills.

[19]  H. Gumbrecht,et al.  Meaning of presence , 2019, Sententiae.

[20]  J. Waterworth,et al.  The Presence of Emotion : Designing the Feeling of Being There in Interactive Media Experiences , 2006 .

[21]  J. Russell Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. , 2003, Psychological review.

[22]  W. IJsselsteijn Presence in the past : what can we learn from media history? , 2003 .

[23]  Sherry Turkle,et al.  The second self: computers and the human spirit , 1984 .

[24]  Frank Biocca,et al.  The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[25]  Matthew T. Jones Presence as External Versus Internal Experience: How Form, User, Style, and Content Factors Produce Presence from the Inside , 2007 .

[26]  Terry Doyle,et al.  Video, Ergo Sum?. , 1974 .

[27]  R. Gregory Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing , 1966 .

[28]  Miguel A. L. Nicolelis,et al.  Brain–machine interfaces: past, present and future , 2006, Trends in Neurosciences.