Tai Chi research review.

This review briefly summarizes recent Tai Chi research on physical benefits including balance and muscle strength and psychological benefits including attentiveness, sleep and anxiety. Cardiovascular changes following Tai Chi include decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased vagal activity and decreased cholesterol. Pain syndromes that have been affected include fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune and immune conditions recently researched and reviewed here include osteoporosis, diabetes and HIV. Methodological problems with this research include the variability in forms (series of postures) used across studies as well as the intensity of the Tai Chi schedule. Further, most of the studies are based on within group changes rather than attention control group comparisons. Nonetheless, significant clinical improvements have been noted.

[1]  Fang Wang,et al.  The Effects of Tai Chi on Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2014, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[2]  W. Haskell,et al.  Change in perceived psychosocial status following a 12-week Tai Chi exercise programme. , 2006, Journal of advanced nursing.

[3]  P. Harmer,et al.  Tai Chi and Self‐Rated Quality of Sleep and Daytime Sleepiness in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[4]  Roger B. Davis,et al.  Effects of tai chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. , 2004, The American journal of medicine.

[5]  S. Wolf,et al.  Can Tai Chi improve vestibulopathic postural control? , 2004, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[6]  Chenchen Wang,et al.  Tai Chi Exercise for Patients With Cardiovascular Conditions and Risk Factors: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW , 2009, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[7]  Ge Wu Age-related differences in Tai Chi gait kinematics and leg muscle electromyography: a pilot study. , 2008, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[8]  K. Rosengren,et al.  Effect of Tai Chi on gait and obstacle crossing behaviors in middle-aged adults. , 2007, Gait & posture.

[9]  Youlian Hong,et al.  Tai chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health , 2001, British journal of sports medicine.

[10]  A. Macpherson,et al.  Tai Chi workplace program for improving musculoskeletal fitness among female computer users. , 2009, Work.

[11]  Youlian Hong,et al.  Effect of regular Tai Chi and jogging exercise on neuromuscular reaction in older people. , 2005, Age and ageing.

[12]  Karan P. Singh,et al.  Effects of T’ai Chi Exercise on Fibromyalgia Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life , 2003, Orthopedic nursing.

[13]  R. Szeklicki,et al.  Effect of Tai Chi on body balance: randomized controlled trial in men with osteopenia or osteoporosis. , 2007, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[14]  Youlian Hong,et al.  Characteristics of foot movement in Tai Chi exercise. , 2006, Physical therapy.

[15]  J. Woo,et al.  A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. , 2004, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[16]  J. Woo,et al.  Evaluation of energy expenditure and cardiovascular health effects from Tai Chi and walking exercise. , 2009, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[17]  C. Liou,et al.  Effect of 12-week tai chi chuan exercise on peripheral nerve modulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2009, Journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[18]  M. Irwin,et al.  Effects of a Behavioral Intervention, Tai Chi Chih, on Varicella-Zoster Virus Specific Immunity and Health Functioning in Older Adults , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[19]  T. Field,et al.  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Benefits from Tai Chi , 2001 .

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[21]  K. Lee,et al.  [The effect of Tai Chi movement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. , 2006, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi.

[22]  Kuender D Yang,et al.  Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise improves T cell helper function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increase in T-bet transcription factor and IL-12 production , 2008, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[23]  Eun-Ok Lee,et al.  Effects of tai chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. , 2003, The Journal of rheumatology.

[24]  Ching Lan,et al.  Relative exercise intensity of Tai Chi Chuan is similar in different ages and gender. , 2004, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[25]  G. Ng,et al.  The effects on sensorimotor performance and balance with Tai Chi training. , 2006, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[26]  R. Taylor-Piliae The effectiveness of Tai Chi exercise in improving aerobic capacity: an updated meta-analysis. , 2008, Medicine and sport science.

[27]  Hea-young Lee,et al.  [Effects of Tai Chi exercise in elderly with knee osteoarthritis]. , 2008, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi.

[28]  Cheng-Deng Kuo,et al.  The effect of Tai Chi Chuan on the autonomic nervous modulation in older persons. , 2003, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[29]  Chwan-Li Shen,et al.  Group and home-based tai chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial , 2007, Clinical rehabilitation.

[30]  P Jin,et al.  Changes in heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol and mood during Tai Chi. , 1989, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[31]  C. Hui-Chan,et al.  Effect of 4- and 8-wk intensive Tai Chi Training on balance control in the elderly. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

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[33]  S. Wolf,et al.  The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. , 2006, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[34]  K. Sykes,et al.  Health benefits of Tai Chi exercise: improved balance and blood pressure in middle-aged women. , 2004, Health promotion international.

[35]  W. Frontera,et al.  Tai Chi versus brisk walking in elderly women. , 2006, Age and ageing.

[36]  S. Yeh,et al.  Regular tai chi chuan exercise enhances functional mobility and CD4CD25 regulatory T cells , 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[37]  C. Hui-Chan,et al.  Stability limits, single-leg jump, and body awareness in older Tai Chi practitioners. , 2010, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[38]  M. Irwin,et al.  Improving sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints: A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih. , 2008, Sleep.

[39]  Z. Bai,et al.  Tai chi and reduction of depressive symptoms for older adults: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials , 2013, Geriatrics & gerontology international.

[40]  P. Jin,et al.  Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. , 1992, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[41]  J. Lai,et al.  The exercise intensity of Tai Chi Chuan. , 2008, Medicine and sport science.

[42]  N Travis Triplett,et al.  Effect of Pilates and taiji quan training on self-efficacy, sleep quality, mood, and physical performance of college students. , 2009, Journal of bodywork and movement therapies.

[43]  D. Mao,et al.  The Characteristics of Foot Movements in Tai Chi Chuan , 2006, Research in sports medicine.

[44]  C. Hui-Chan,et al.  Effects of exercise on joint sense and balance in elderly men: Tai Chi versus golf. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[45]  Y. Hong,et al.  Effects of long term Tai Chi practice and jogging exercise on muscle strength and endurance in older people , 2005, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[46]  M. Mak,et al.  Mediolateral sway in single-leg stance is the best discriminator of balance performance for Tai-Chi practitioners. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[47]  James S. Williams,et al.  Comparison of the effects of Tai Chi and resistance training on bone metabolism in the elderly: a feasibility study. , 2007, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[48]  Chwan-Li Shen,et al.  Effects of Tai Chi on gait kinematics, physical function, and pain in elderly with knee osteoarthritis--a pilot study. , 2008, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[49]  Y. T. Wang,et al.  Effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical and mental health of college students. , 2004, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[50]  Arianne P Verhagen,et al.  The efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan in older adults: a systematic review. , 2004, Family practice.

[51]  Elizabeth Eckstrom,et al.  Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. , 2005, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[52]  T. Uhlig,et al.  Exploring Tai Chi in rheumatoid arthritis: a quantitative and qualitative study , 2010, BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

[53]  J. Lau,et al.  The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review. , 2004 .

[54]  Youlian Hong,et al.  Effect of tai chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people , 2004, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[55]  P. Leung,et al.  Beneficial effects of regular Tai Chi exercise on musculoskeletal system , 2004, Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.

[56]  C. Hui-Chan,et al.  Standing balance after vestibular stimulation in Tai Chi-practicing and nonpracticing healthy older adults. , 2006, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[57]  G. Ko,et al.  A 10-week Tai-Chi program improved the blood pressure, lipid profile and SF-36 scores in Hong Kong Chinese women. , 2006, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[58]  K. Mimura,et al.  Physiological benefits of 24-style Taijiquan exercise in middle-aged women. , 2003, Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science.

[59]  T. Field,et al.  Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heartrate, EEG and math computations. , 2010, Complementary therapies in clinical practice.

[60]  M. Irwin,et al.  Augmenting Immune Responses to Varicella Zoster Virus in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Tai Chi , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[61]  Wan-An Lu,et al.  Comparison of the effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Wai Tan Kung exercises on autonomic nervous system modulation and on hemodynamics in elder adults. , 2006, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[62]  Christopher H Schmid,et al.  Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. , 2009, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[63]  R. Wall Tai Chi and mindfulness-based stress reduction in a Boston Public Middle School. , 2005, Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners.

[64]  Ge Wu,et al.  Group tele-exercise for improving balance in elders. , 2006, Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association.

[65]  B. Tomlinson,et al.  The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial. , 2003, Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

[66]  Roger B. Davis,et al.  Enhancement of sleep stability with Tai Chi exercise in chronic heart failure: preliminary findings using an ECG-based spectrogram method. , 2008, Sleep medicine.

[67]  M. Irwin,et al.  Tai Chi Chih acutely decreases sympathetic nervous system activity in older adults. , 2006, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[68]  J S Lai,et al.  Heart rate responses and oxygen consumption during Tai Chi Chuan practice. , 2001, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[69]  M. Woollacott,et al.  Neural mechanisms underlying balance improvement with short term Tai Chi training , 2006, Aging clinical and experimental research.

[70]  R. Song,et al.  [Effects of Tai Chi exercise on cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life in post-menopausal women]. , 2009, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.

[71]  J. Leathem,et al.  A study investigating the effects of Tai Chi Chuan: Individuals with traumatic brain injury compared to controls , 2006, Brain injury.

[72]  L. Giangregorio,et al.  The osteoporosis care gap in Canada , 2004, BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

[73]  M. Wong,et al.  The aerobic capacity and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in Qigong and Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. , 2004, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[74]  S. Bae,et al.  Effects of a Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on arthritic symptoms, motivation and the performance of health behaviors in women with osteoarthritis. , 2007, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi.

[75]  S. Wolf,et al.  Community-Based Tai Chi and Its Effect on Injurious Falls, Balance, Gait, and Fear of Falling in Older People , 2006, Physical Therapy.