A review of biosensors and biologically-inspired systems for explosives detection.

This article provides a review of the published literature describing the use of biosensors and biologically-inspired systems for explosives detection. The review focusses on the use of antibodies, enzymes, biologically-inspired synthetic ligands and whole-cell biosensors, providing a flavour of the range of technology, formats and approaches that can be used to detect explosives using biological systems.

[1]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Development and comparison of two immunoassays for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based on surface plasmon resonance , 2006 .

[2]  David G. Spiller,et al.  Magnetic microspheres encoded with photoluminescent quantum dots for multiplexed detection , 2007 .

[3]  Gunther Kolb,et al.  A new, versatile field immunosensor for environmental pollutants: development and proof of principle with TNT, diuron, and atrazine. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  David W. Conrad,et al.  Detection of TNT in Water Using an Evanescent Wave Fiber-Optic Biosensor , 1995 .

[5]  Cloaking cytolytic peptides for liposome-based detection and potential drug delivery. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[6]  John H. T. Luong,et al.  Mixed-mode capillary electrokinetic separation of positional explosive isomers using sodium dodecyl sulfate and negative-β-cyclodextrin derivatives , 1998 .

[7]  Tobias Frische.  Screening for soil toxicity and mutagenicity using luminescent bacteria--a case study of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). , 2002, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[8]  Ellen R Goldman,et al.  Detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in environmental samples using a homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[9]  G. Anderson,et al.  Development of a Luminex based competitive immunoassay for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  B. Caddy,et al.  Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of high explosives utilising indirect fluorescence detection , 1996 .

[11]  Maki K Habib,et al.  Controlled biological and biomimetic systems for landmine detection. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[12]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Dual conductivity/amperometric detection system for microchip capillary electrophoresis. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  Jürgen Hürttlen,et al.  Gas phase detection of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by molecularly imprinted polymers. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[14]  U. Narang,et al.  Multianalyte detection using a capillary-based flow immunosensor. , 1998, Analytical biochemistry.

[15]  George P. Anderson,et al.  Selection of phage displayed peptides for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in seawater , 2002 .

[16]  H. Mattoussi,et al.  Conjugation of luminescent quantum dots with antibodies using an engineered adaptor protein to provide new reagents for fluoroimmunoassays. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Frances S Ligler,et al.  Fabrication of a capillary immunosensor in polymethyl methacrylate. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  M. Unger,et al.  The development of a real-time biosensor for the detection of trace levels of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in aquatic environments. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[19]  K. Cammann,et al.  Determination of explosives residues in soils by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and high­ performance liquid chromatography A comparative study , 1993 .

[20]  G. Anderson,et al.  Detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in seawater using a reversed-displacement immunosensor. , 2002, Analytical biochemistry.

[21]  Lisa C. Shriver-Lake,et al.  On-site detection of explosives in groundwater with a fiber optic biosensor , 2000 .

[22]  S. Lewis,et al.  A case study in forensic chemistry: The Bali bombings. , 2005, Talanta.

[23]  J. L. Mudd,et al.  An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for trinitrotoluene (TNT) residue on hands. , 1991, Journal of forensic sciences.

[24]  Gregory W. Kauffman,et al.  Pattern recognition analysis of optical sensor array data to detect nitroaromatic compound vapors , 2001 .

[25]  T Sitalaximi,et al.  Autosomal microsatellite profile of three socially diverse ethnic Tamil populations of India. , 2003, Journal of forensic sciences.

[26]  H. Saiki,et al.  An immunoassay for small analytes with theoretical detection limits. , 2001, Analytical Chemistry.

[27]  Joseph Almog,et al.  Forensic Science Does Not Start in the Lab: The Concept of Diagnostic Field Tests * , 2006, Journal of forensic sciences.

[28]  Upvan Narang,et al.  A displacement flow immunosensor for explosive detection using microcapillaries , 1997 .

[29]  A. Vázquez,et al.  Simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic gunshot residues by capillary electrophoresis. , 2004, Journal of Chromatography A.

[30]  Robert Wilson,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for TNT. , 2003, The Analyst.

[31]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Self-assembled TNT biosensor based on modular multifunctional surface-tethered components. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  N. Bruce,et al.  'New uses for an Old Enzyme'--the Old Yellow Enzyme family of flavoenzymes. , 2002, Microbiology.

[33]  J. Luong,et al.  Determination of explosives in soil and ground water by liquid chromatography-amperometric detection. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[34]  F. Krebs.  Functionalisation of the hinge region in receptor molecules for explosive detection , 2003 .

[35]  U. Karst,et al.  Determination of triacetonetriperoxide in ambient air , 2003 .

[36]  Robert Wilson,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays for TNT and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  E. D. Erickson,et al.  Field Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Water by Ion-Exchange Resins. , 1982 .

[38]  F S Ligler,et al.  Trace detection of explosives using a membrane-based displacement immunoassay. , 2000, Journal of immunological methods.

[39]  Stuart A. Oehrle,et al.  Analysis of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives by capillary electrophoresis , 1996 .

[40]  Frances S. Ligler,et al.  Capillary-Based Displacement Flow Immunosensor , 1997 .

[41]  William C. Trogler,et al.  Polymer sensors for nitroaromatic explosives detection , 2006 .

[42]  T. Imato,et al.  Preparation of a Polyclonal Antibody and a Bioassay for Nitroaromatic Compounds by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Technique and a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor , 2003 .

[43]  G. Rivas,et al.  Enzymatic biosensor for the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene biodegradation derivatives. , 2006, Talanta.

[44]  Yoshio Aoki,et al.  Development of palm-sized differential plasmon resonance meter based on concept of Sprode , 2005 .

[45]  H. Abruña,et al.  Amperometric TNT biosensor based on the oriented immobilization of a nitroreductase maltose binding protein fusion. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  Robert Wilson,et al.  Paramagnetic bead based enzyme electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for TNT , 2003 .

[47]  J. Murray,et al.  Phytodetoxification of TNT by transgenic plants expressing a bacterial nitroreductase , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[48]  Dwight U. Bartholomew,et al.  Integrated analytical sensors: the use of the TISPR-1 as a biosensor , 1999 .

[49]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Application of a Homogenous Assay for the Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene to Environmental Water Samples , 2005, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[50]  E. A. Perkins,et al.  Immunoassays in a porous silicon interferometric biosensor combined with sensitive signal processing , 2005 .

[51]  Reinhard Bredehorst,et al.  Continuous-flow immunosensor for detection of explosives , 1993 .

[52]  Uwe Karst,et al.  A field test for the detection of peroxide-based explosives. , 2002, The Analyst.

[53]  R. T. Medary.  Inexpensive, rapid field screening test for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in soil , 1992 .

[54]  B. P. Sullivan,et al.  Gas-Phase Detection of Trinitrotoluene Utilizing a Solid-Phase Antibody Immobilized on a Gold Film by Means of Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy , 2003, Applied spectroscopy.

[55]  Ji Hee Ha,et al.  Chemical sensing of DNT by engineered olfactory yeast strain. , 2007, Nature chemical biology.

[56]  D.R. Shankaran,et al.  A novel surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based on indirect competitive immunoreaction: a promising approach for on-site landmine detection , 2005, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[57]  Frances S. Ligler,et al.  Multi-analyte explosive detection using a fiber optic biosensor , 1999 .

[58]  W. Seitz,et al.  A clear, amine-containing poly(vinyl chloride) membrane for in situ optical detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene , 1989 .

[59]  Bo Liedberg,et al.  A novel biochip technology for detection of explosives – TNT: Synthesis, characterisation and application , 2006 .

[60]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[61]  S. Stevanović,et al.  Colorimetric Method for Semiquantitative Determination of Nitroorganics in Water , 1990 .

[62]  J. Kauer,et al.  A computational system for simulating and analyzing arrays of biological and artificial chemical sensors. , 2002, Chemical senses.

[63]  Bailey,et al.  Separation and detection of explosives on a microchip using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and indirect laser-induced fluorescence , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[64]  M. Kalaji,et al.  The orientationally controlled assembly of genetically modified enzymes in an amperometric biosensor. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[65]  N. Scrutton,et al.  Biotransformation of Explosives by the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoproteins , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[66]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Highly Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor for Parts-per-trillion Level Detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol , 2004 .

[67]  Kiyoshi Toko,et al.  Preparation and characterization of a polyclonal antibody from rabbit for detection of trinitrotoluene by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. , 2005, Talanta.

[68]  T A Ranney,et al.  Chemical signatures of TNT-filled land mines. , 2001, Talanta.

[69]  Richard A Mathies,et al.  Homogeneous immunoassay for detection of TNT and its analogues on a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chip. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[70]  M. Zhang,et al.  Using molecular recognition of β-cyclodextrin to determine molecular weights of low-molecular-weight explosives by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry , 2006, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[71]  Frances S. Ligler,et al.  A membrane-based displacement flow immunoassay , 1998 .

[72]  B. Swanson,et al.  Molecular recognition and self-assembled polymer films for vapor phase detection of explosives. , 2001, Talanta.

[73]  M. Walsh,et al.  Development of field screening methods for TNT, 2,4-DNT and RDX in soil. , 1992, Talanta.

[74]  Eduardo Costas,et al.  A novel approach to improve specificity of algal biosensors using wild-type and resistant mutants: an application to detect TNT. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[75]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  TNT detection using multiplexed liquid array displacement immunoassays. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[76]  E. Travis,et al.  Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of the Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine Degradation Gene Cluster from Rhodococcus rhodochrous , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[77]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Self-assembled luminescent CdSe–ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates prepared using engineered poly-histidine terminated proteins , 2004 .

[78]  Reinhard Niessner,et al.  Dip-and-read test strips for the determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in drinking water , 1999 .

[79]  D. Moore.  Instrumentation for trace detection of high explosives , 2004 .

[80]  George Georgiou,et al.  2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene detection using recombinant antibodies. , 2003, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[81]  T. Imato,et al.  Flow immunoassay of trinitrophenol based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor using a one-pot immunoreaction with a high molecular weight conjugate. , 2005, Talanta.

[82]  A Zeichner,et al.  Immunochemical approaches for purification and detection of TNT traces by antibodies entrapped in a sol-gel matrix. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[83]  William A. MacCrehan,et al.  Separation and identification of organic gunshot and explosive constituents by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis , 1991 .