Selective Withdrawal from Man-Made Lakes: Hydraulic Laboratory Investigation.

Abstract : Laboratory investigations were conducted at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to determine the withdrawal-zone characteristics created in a randomly density-stratified impoundment by releasing flow through a submerged orifice, over a free and submerged weir, or through a combination of the above. Density stratification was generated in the experimental facilities by creating differentials in both temperature and salinity. Velocity profiles were obtained from movies of dye streak displacements. Through the investigations, generalized relationships for describing the vertical limits of the withdrawal zone and the vertical velocity distribution within the zone have been developed. Techniques for handling conditions in which the water surface or bottom boundary controlled the limits of the withdrawal zone and for describing the composite velocity profile resulting from withdrawal zones which overlapped have also been developed. (Author Modified Abstract)