Insomnia and well-being.

Most Americans have occasional problems with insomnia. The relationship of insomnia to illness is well known. However, insomnia may also relate to lower levels of well-being. Although there are various definitions of well-being, one of the most clearly articulated and comprehensive models identifies 2 overarching constructs, psychological well-being and subjective well-being. The purpose in the present study was to assess the relationship between insomnia symptoms and the dimensions of psychological and subjective well-being, adjusting for the potential confound of comorbid physical and psychological illness. The data for the present study came from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a survey of community-dwelling adults. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and a wide range of chronic mental and physical health conditions, insomnia symptoms were found to have a significant relationship with both psychological and subjective well-being but a stronger relationship to subjective well-being. These data suggest that insomnia symptoms have a stronger relationship to enjoying life than to the perception that one has a meaningful life.

[1]  T. Little,et al.  To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits , 2002 .

[2]  Anne Germain,et al.  Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: a prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment. , 2007, Sleep medicine.

[3]  Paul E. Tesluk,et al.  A Comparison of Approaches to Forming Composite Measures in Structural Equation Models , 2000 .

[4]  R L Williams,et al.  Prevalence of sleep disturbance in a primarily urban Florida County. , 1976, Social science & medicine.

[5]  D. Catley,et al.  Sleep and the affective response to stress and pain. , 2007, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[6]  Robert C MacCallum,et al.  Using Parcels to Convert Path Analysis Models Into Latent Variable Models , 2005, Multivariate behavioral research.

[7]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Medical and socio-professional impact of insomnia. , 2002, Sleep.

[8]  C. Morin,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: comparison of individual therapy, group therapy, and telephone consultations. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[9]  C. Keyes,et al.  Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. , 2005, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[10]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults: results of the 2003 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Survey. , 2004, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[11]  R B Briner,et al.  Associations of sleep with everyday mood, minor symptoms and social interaction experience. , 1994, Sleep.

[12]  M. Ohayon.  Relationship between chronic painful physical condition and insomnia. , 2005, Journal of psychiatric research.

[13]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves , 2006 .

[14]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. , 1999, Sleep.

[15]  G. Zammit,et al.  Quality of life in people with insomnia. , 1999, Sleep.

[16]  E. Bixler,et al.  Insomnia in central Pennsylvania. , 2002, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[17]  HighWire Press.  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 1781, The London Medical Journal.

[18]  Christian Guilleminault,et al.  SF-36: Evaluation of Quality of Life in Severe and Mild Insomniacs Compared With Good Sleepers , 2001, Psychosomatic medicine.

[19]  T. Smith,et al.  The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: natural course and relationship to relapse. , 1998, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[20]  A. Krystal,et al.  Behavioral Insomnia Therapy for Fibromyalgia Patients , 2005 .

[21]  E. C. Hammond,et al.  Short and long sleep and sleeping pills. Is increased mortality associated? , 1979, Archives of general psychiatry.

[22]  C. Keyes,et al.  Optimizing Well-Being: The Empirical Encounter of Two Traditions , 2002 .

[23]  M. Bonnet,et al.  The consequences of a week of insomnia. , 1996, Sleep.

[24]  P. Hauri.  Case Studies in Insomnia , 1991 .

[25]  C. A. Nelson,et al.  Sleep and psychological well-being , 2007 .

[26]  C. Shapiro,et al.  ABC of sleep disorders. Impact and epidemiology of sleep disorders. , 1993, BMJ.

[27]  J. Rabe-Jabłońska,et al.  [Affective disorders in the fourth edition of the classification of mental disorders prepared by the American Psychiatric Association -- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders]. , 1993, Psychiatria polska.

[28]  G. Marsh,et al.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treatment of Chronic Primary Insomnia , 2007 .

[29]  I Oswald,et al.  Sleep Is for Tissue Restoration , 1977, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[30]  K. Wilson,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia secondary to chronic pain. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[31]  G R Marsh,et al.  Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. , 2001, JAMA.

[32]  Xin Tu,et al.  Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Onset of Depression in the Elderly , 2006, Behavioral sleep medicine.

[33]  R. Bootzin,et al.  Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. , 2004, Sleep.

[34]  S. Skevington,et al.  Investigating the relationship between pain and discomfort and quality of life, using the WHOQOL , 1998, Pain.

[35]  C. Ryff.  Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. , 1989 .

[36]  Ronald J Ozminkowski,et al.  The direct and indirect costs of untreated insomnia in adults in the United States. , 2007, Sleep.

[37]  E. Uhlenhuth,et al.  Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates. , 1985, Archives of general psychiatry.

[38]  C. Morin,et al.  Role of Stress, Arousal, and Coping Skills in Primary Insomnia , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[39]  D. Kripke,et al.  Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[40]  Keith F. Widaman,et al.  Unidimensional Versus Domain Representative Parceling of Questionnaire Items: An Empirical Example , 1994 .

[41]  Daniel J. Taylor,et al.  Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems. , 2007, Sleep.

[42]  B. Bioulac,et al.  Insomniac complaints interfere with quality of life but not with absenteeism: respective role of depressive and organic comorbidity. , 2006, Sleep medicine.

[43]  B. Singer,et al.  Positive health: connecting well-being with biology. , 2004, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[44]  Robert Stickgold,et al.  Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[45]  E. Stepanski,et al.  Behavioral sleep medicine. An emerging subspecialty in health psychology and sleep medicine. , 2000, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[46]  Charles M. Morin,et al.  Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management , 1993 .

[47]  Kristopher J Preacher,et al.  Fibromyalgia: the role of sleep in affect and in negative event reactivity and recovery. , 2008, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[48]  A. Krystal,et al.  Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients: a randomized clinical trial. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[49]  S. Redline,et al.  The relationship between chronically disrupted sleep and healthcare use. , 2002, Sleep.

[50]  D. Ford,et al.  Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? , 1989, JAMA.