Data-based prediction of soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery: clinical assessment of new simulation software.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel simulation software package (OrthoForecast) for predicting the soft tissue profile after orthognathic surgery. The study included 15 patients with facial asymmetry (asymmetry group), 15 with a skeletal class II jaw relationship (class II group), and 15 with a skeletal class III jaw relationship (class III group). Twenty-four feature points were digitized, and the distances between points on the predicted and actual postoperative images were compared. Thirty-seven calibrated evaluators also graded the similarity of the predicted images compared to the actual postoperative photographs. Comparisons between the predicted and actual postoperative images revealed that the mean difference between feature points was 3.1 ± 1.4 mm for the frontal images and 2.9 ± 0.8 mm for the lateral images in the asymmetry group; 2.7 ± 0.9 and 2.1 ± 1.6 mm, respectively, in the class II group; and 1.8 ± 1.2 and 1.7 ± 1.0 mm, respectively, in the class III group. More than half of the evaluators assessed the predicted images as similar to the actual postoperative images in all groups. In conclusion, OrthoForecast can be regarded as useful, accurate, and reliable software to predict soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery.

[1]  R. McNeill,et al.  Sex differences in motives for and outcomes of orthognathic surgery. , 1981, Journal of oral surgery.

[2]  R. C. Chang,et al.  A retrospective analysis of the stability and relapse of soft and hard tissue change after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular setback of 64 Taiwanese patients. , 2005, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[3]  Wendy L Gilleard,et al.  Three-Dimensional Quantification of the Symmetry of Normal Facial Movement , 2002, Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology.

[4]  Jean-Christophe Nebel,et al.  3D stereophotogrammetric image superimposition onto 3D CT scan images: the future of orthognathic surgery. A pilot study. , 2002, The International journal of adult orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.

[5]  Alessandro Sarti,et al.  Facial soft tissue esthetic predictions: validation in craniomaxillofacial surgery with cone beam computed tomography data. , 2010, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[6]  W R Fright,et al.  A three dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in skeletal III patients. , 1992, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[7]  E. Steinhauser,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment planning in surgical orthodontic therapy. , 1974, American journal of orthodontics.

[8]  Cheol Lee,et al.  A three-dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes after a mandibular setback surgery , 2006, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[9]  Myung-Jin Kim,et al.  Hard and soft tissue changes after correction of mandibular prognathism and facial asymmetry by mandibular setback surgery: three-dimensional analysis using computerized tomography. , 2009, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[10]  D M Laskin,et al.  Recognition of profile change after simulated orthognathic surgery. , 1987, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[11]  C. Stohler,et al.  Measurement of facial soft tissue mobility in man. , 1998, The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal.

[12]  A. Ayoub,et al.  The accuracy of three-dimensional prediction planning for the surgical correction of facial deformities using Maxilim. , 2013, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[13]  A. Jacobson,et al.  Psychological aspects of dentofacial esthetics and orthognathic surgery. , 1984, The Angle orthodontist.

[14]  R W McNeill,et al.  Perceptions of facial profile and their influence on the decision to undergo orthognathic surgery. , 1985, American journal of orthodontics.

[15]  D M Sarver,et al.  Video imaging for planning and counseling in orthognathic surgery. , 1988, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[16]  H. G. Hershey,et al.  Soft-tissue profile change associated with surgical correction of the prognathic mandible. , 1974, American journal of orthodontics.

[17]  S. Lindauer,et al.  Variability of facial photographs for use in treatment planning for orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. , 1997, The International journal of adult orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.

[18]  P. Claes,et al.  Improved facial outcome assessment using a 3D anthropometric mask. , 2012, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[19]  T. Lyberg,et al.  Factors influencing the predictability of soft tissue profile changes following mandibular setback surgery. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[20]  A Sarti,et al.  Validation of new soft tissue software in orthognathic surgery planning. , 2011, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[21]  Murat Soncul,et al.  Evaluation of facial soft tissue changes with optical surface scan after surgical correction of Class III deformities. , 2004, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[22]  Forbes Dp,et al.  Subjective evaluation of profile prediction using video imaging. , 1995 .

[23]  Paul Suetens,et al.  Predicting soft tissue deformations for a maxillofacial surgery planning system: From computational strategies to a complete clinical validation , 2007, Medical Image Anal..