Insults Hurt : Verbal Injury in Late Medieval Frisia

October 1993, and for the American–Dutch Academic Society of New England, Boston, June 1994. A shortened version appeared as ‘Schelden doet zeer: verbaal kwetsen in laatmiddeleeuws Friesland’, in Marie-Charlotte Bailly et al., eds., Eer en belediging. Leidschrift 12, 2 (Leiden, 1996), 19–36. I have greatly profited from various suggestions by Jos Bazelmans, Jan Bremmer, Tom Johnston and Oebele Vries. Cf. W. Parks, Verbal Duelling in Heroic Narrative. The Homeric and Old English 2