Portraits of the self

[1]  S. Epstein Coping ability, negative self-evaluation, and overgeneralization: experiment and theory. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[2]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Consequences of self-handicapping: effects on coping, academic performance, and adjustment. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  B. R. Schlenker Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations , 1980 .

[4]  Brian A. Nosek,et al.  A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. , 2002 .

[5]  J. Houwer A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test , 2001 .

[6]  Jane Corville-Smith,et al.  Complicating Achievement and Self-Esteem: Considering the Joint Effects of Child Characteristics and Parent–Child Interactions☆ , 2002 .

[7]  E. Ebbesen,et al.  Determinants of selective memory about the self. , 1976, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[8]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model , 1987 .

[9]  M. A. Scheirer,et al.  Increasing Educational Achievement Via Self Concept Change , 1979 .

[10]  R. Nisbett,et al.  The cultural matrix of social psychology , 1998 .

[11]  James K. Beggan On the social nature of nonsocial perception: The mere ownership effect. , 1992 .

[12]  D. Dunning,et al.  Regulating impressions of others to affirm images of the self , 2000 .

[13]  D. Dunning,et al.  Depression, realism, and the overconfidence effect : are the sadder wiser when predicting future actions and events ? , 1991 .

[14]  J. V. Wood,et al.  Theory and Research Concerning Social Comparisons of Personal Attributes , 1989 .

[15]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Beyond Self-Presentation: Evidence for Self-Criticism among Japanese , 2000 .

[16]  G. Bonanno,et al.  Self-Enhancement as a Buffer Against Extreme Adversity: Civil War in Bosnia and Traumatic Loss in the United States , 2002 .

[17]  W. K. Campbell,et al.  Self-Threat Magnifies the Self-Serving Bias: A Meta-Analytic Integration , 1999 .

[18]  S. Gosling,et al.  Do People Know How They Behave? Self-Reported Act Frequencies Compared With On-Line Codings by Observers , 1998 .

[19]  K. Vohs,et al.  Perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem: An interactive model of bulimic symptom development , 2001 .

[20]  William A. Cunningham,et al.  Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity , 2001, Psychological science.

[21]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  The Mismeasure of Love: How Self-Doubt Contaminates Relationship Beliefs , 2001 .

[22]  D. J. Schneider,et al.  Self-presentation following success or failure: defensive self esteem models. , 1975, Journal of personality.

[23]  W. Swann,et al.  Partner verification: restoring shattered images of our intimates. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  Margaret A. Marshall,et al.  Do people with low self-esteem really want to feel better? Self-esteem differences in motivation to repair negative moods , 2002 .

[25]  L. Festinger,et al.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 2017 .

[26]  N. Adler,et al.  Perceived competencies, peer group affiliation, and risk behavior among early adolescents. , 1994, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[27]  K. Vohs,et al.  Perfectionism, perceived weight status, and self-esteem interact to predict bulimic symptoms: a model of bulimic symptom development. , 1999, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[28]  C. L. Gruder,et al.  Determinants of social comparison choices , 1971 .

[29]  D. Dunning,et al.  The More Rational Side of Self-Serving Prototypes: The Effects of Success and Failure Performance Feedback , 1998 .

[30]  K. J. Cairns,et al.  Repression and self-presentation: when audiences interfere with self-deceptive strategies. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  J. Brockner,et al.  The roles of self-esteem and self-consciousness in the Wortman-Brehm model of reactance and learned helplessness. , 1983, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[32]  M. Klinger,et al.  Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[33]  S. West,et al.  Depression and evaluative schemata. , 1985, Journal of personality.

[34]  D. Dunning A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. , 1999 .

[35]  Gail D. Heyman,et al.  Young children's vulnerability to self-blame and helplessness: relationship to beliefs about goodness. , 1992, Child development.

[36]  C. Sedikides,et al.  Memory for in-group and out-group information in a minimal group context: the self as an informational base. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[37]  R. Tallis The explicit animal , 1991 .

[38]  E. Deci,et al.  The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior , 2000 .

[39]  C. Mruk Self-Esteem: Research, Theory, and Practice , 1995 .

[40]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Self-Evaluations, Initial Success and Failure, and Improvement as Determinants of Persistence. , 1977 .

[41]  A. van Knippenberg,et al.  What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[42]  B. Bushman,et al.  Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[43]  D. Russell,et al.  Self-esteem, self-serving cognitions, and health risk behavior. , 2000, Journal of personality.

[44]  D. Quinlan,et al.  Perceived-competence deficit in anorexia nervosa. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[45]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem. , 1996, Psychological review.

[46]  J. Brockner,et al.  Self-esteem and reactance: Further evidence of attitudinal and motivational consequences , 1985 .

[47]  Jeffrey D. Green,et al.  On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management: using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[48]  W. Swann,et al.  Allure of negative feedback: self-verification strivings among depressed persons. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[49]  John J. Hetts,et al.  Implicit and Explicit Personal and Social Identity: Toward a More Complete Understanding of the Social Self , 1999 .

[50]  Herbert W. Marsh,et al.  A multidimensional, hierarchical model of self-concept: Theoretical and empirical justification , 1990 .

[51]  B. Pelham Further evidence for a Jamesian model of self-worth: Reply to Marsh (1995). , 1995 .

[52]  T. Keith,et al.  Is There a Causal Relation Between Self-Concept and Academic Achievement?. , 1986 .

[53]  J. Suls,et al.  Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research. , 1991 .

[54]  L. Ross,et al.  Overconfident prediction of future actions and outcomes by self and others. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[55]  Romin W. Tafarodi,et al.  Depression and the search for negative evaluations: more evidence of the role of self-verification strivings. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[56]  H. Marsh A Jamesian model of self-investment and self-esteem: Comment on Pelham (1995). , 1995 .

[57]  J. Crocker,et al.  Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. , 1989 .

[58]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Immune neglect: a source of durability bias in affective forecasting. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[59]  Y. Trope Self-assessment and task performance , 1982 .

[60]  D. Dunning,et al.  Self-serving prototypes of social categories. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[61]  Jan De Houwer,et al.  The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. , 2003 .

[62]  Jonathon D. Brown Self-esteem and self-evaluation: Feeling is believing. , 1993 .

[63]  Jens C. Pruessner,et al.  Low self-esteem, induced failure and the adrenocortical stress response , 1999 .

[64]  D. Paulhus Measurement and control of response bias. , 1991 .

[65]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  Escaping the self : alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood , 1991 .

[66]  ‘Depressive Realism’ Revisited: Depressed Patients are Realistic when they are Wrong but are Unrealistic when they are Right , 1998 .

[67]  J. D. Brown,et al.  The cost of good fortune: when positive life events produce negative health consequences. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[68]  C. Salmivalli,et al.  Self-Evaluated Self-Esteem, Peer-Evaluated Self-Esteem, and Defensive Egotism as Predictors of Adolescents’ Participation in Bullying Situations , 1999 .

[69]  L. V. Dyne,et al.  Predicting voice behavior in work groups. , 1998 .

[70]  J. Crocker,et al.  Contingencies of Self-Worth , 2001, Psychological review.

[71]  W. Swann,et al.  Identity negotiation in roommate relationships: the self as architect and consequence of social reality. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[72]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north america: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[73]  M. Whisman,et al.  Life stress and dysphoria: the role of self-esteem and hopelessness. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[74]  S. Spencer,et al.  Low Self-Esteem: The Uphill Struggle for Self-Integrity , 1993 .

[75]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[76]  T. Abend,et al.  Individual differences in reactivity to daily events: examining the roles of stability and level of self-esteem. , 1999, Journal of personality.

[77]  C. Sedikides Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. , 1993 .

[78]  T. Falbo,et al.  Self-Enhancing Illusions among Chinese Schoolchildren , 1997 .

[79]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[80]  Donald B. Rubin,et al.  Interpersonal expectancy effects: the first 345 studies , 1978, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[81]  Dale T. Miller,et al.  Particularistic and universalistic evaluation in the social comparison process. , 1988 .

[82]  K. Vohs,et al.  Self-Esteem and threats to self: implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[83]  L. Ross,et al.  The overconfidence effect in social prediction. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[84]  C. Sedikides,et al.  Self‐esteem: a behavioural genetic perspective , 2002 .

[85]  Charles P. Thompson,et al.  Life is Pleasant—and Memory Helps to Keep it that Way! , 2003 .

[86]  Daniel Solomon,et al.  Interaction Processes and Student Outcomes in Cooperative Learning Groups , 1993, The Elementary School Journal.

[87]  W. E. Snizek,et al.  The influences of knowledge of HIV/AIDS and self-esteem on the sexual practices of college students , 1996 .

[88]  G. Maruyama,et al.  Attribution, Affect, and College Exam Performance. , 1979 .

[89]  M. Kernis,et al.  Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[90]  M. M. Chemers,et al.  Dispositional Affect and Leadership Effectiveness: A Comparison of Self-Esteem, Optimism, and Efficacy , 2000 .

[91]  Scott T. Allison,et al.  Possession enhancement in an interpersonal context: An extension of the mere ownership effect , 1999 .

[92]  R. Buehler,et al.  Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times. , 1994 .

[93]  M. Baldwin,et al.  The Cued Activation of Attachment Relational Schemas , 1999 .

[94]  B. Pelham On the highly positive thoughts of the highly depressed. , 1993 .

[95]  C. Rusbult,et al.  Perceived superiority in close relationships: why it exists and persists. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[96]  Mark Muraven,et al.  When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. , 1995 .

[97]  R. Baumeister Ego depletion and the self's executive function. , 2000 .

[98]  M. Frone,et al.  Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers. , 2000, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[99]  J. Brockner,et al.  Self-esteem and likability: Separating fact from fantasy , 1986 .

[100]  Donn Byrne,et al.  An Overview (and Underview) of Research and Theory within the Attraction Paradigm , 1997 .

[101]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Control of Attributions about the Self Through Self-handicapping Strategies: The Appeal of Alcohol and the Role of Underachievement , 1978 .

[102]  M. Banaji,et al.  Is Self-Esteem a Central Ingredient of the Self-Concept? , 1988, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[103]  Steven C. Predmore,et al.  The cognitive-affective crossfire: when self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[104]  J. Crocker,et al.  Collective Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-Being among White, Black, and Asian College Students , 1994 .

[105]  A. Tesser Reproductions Supplied by Edrs Are the Best That Can Be Made * * from the Original Document. toward a Self-evaluation Maintenance Model of Social Behavior* , 2007 .

[106]  James A. Scepansky,et al.  Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. , 1998 .

[107]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  The Contingencies of Interpersonal Acceptance: When Romantic Relationships Function as a Self-Affirmational Resource , 2001 .

[108]  Marie Helweg-Larsen,et al.  Do Moderators of the Optimistic Bias Affect Personal or Target Risk Estimates? A Review of the Literature , 2001 .

[109]  W. Klein,et al.  Heuristics and Biases: Resistance of Personal Risk Perceptions to Debiasing Interventions , 2002 .

[110]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Self‐Esteem, Self‐Handicapping, and Self‐Presentation: The Strategy of Inadequate Practice , 1990 .

[111]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[112]  H. Markus,et al.  “Who Am I?” The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self , 2001 .

[113]  M. Strube,et al.  Self-Evaluation: To Thine Own Self Be Good, To Thine Own Self Be Sure, To Thine Own Self Be True, an , 1997 .

[114]  E. Herold,et al.  Self-esteem and sexual permissiveness. , 1979, Journal of clinical psychology.

[115]  K. Gergen The saturated self : dilemmas of identity in contemporary life , 1991 .

[116]  Willem Koomen,et al.  WHEN BAD ISNT ALL BAD : STRATEGIC USE OF SAMPLE INFORMATION IN GENERALIZATION AND STEREOTYPING , 1995 .

[117]  D. Paulhus,et al.  The definition of self: Private and public self-evaluation management strategies. , 1983 .

[118]  Peter M. Gollwitzer,et al.  Effects of deliberative and implemental mind-sets on illusion of control. , 1989 .

[119]  Shinobu Kitayama,et al.  Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation , 2001 .

[120]  D. Paulhus Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: a mixed blessing? , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[121]  Optimally conceptualizing implicit self-esteem , 2003 .

[122]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. , 1976 .

[123]  B. Fehr,et al.  Self-esteem and perceptions of conveyed impressions: is negative affectivity associated with greater realism? , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[124]  H. Triandis,et al.  Cultural influences on personality. , 2002, Annual review of psychology.

[125]  T. Wadden,et al.  Psychosocial consequences of weight cycling. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[126]  M. Hohman,et al.  Multi-Ethnic Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy , 2000 .

[127]  L. M. Langer,et al.  Risky sexual behavior among substance-abusing adolescents: psychosocial and contextual factors. , 1997, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[128]  F. Gibbons,et al.  Cognitive reactions to smoking relapse: the reciprocal relation between dissonance and self-esteem. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[129]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Running from the shadow: psychological distancing from others to deny characteristics people fear in themselves. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[130]  Yaacov Trope,et al.  Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior , 1986 .

[131]  E. Langer The illusion of control. , 1975 .

[132]  T. Heatherton,et al.  Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. , 1991 .

[133]  Michael Ross,et al.  The effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories. , 1981 .

[134]  Y. Trope Uncertainty-reducing properties of achievement tasks. , 1979 .

[135]  W. Swann,et al.  Why people self-verify. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[136]  W. Mischel,et al.  Prototypicality and personality: Effects on free recall and personality impressions , 1979 .

[137]  M. Alicke,et al.  The person who outperforms me is a genius: maintaining perceived competence in upward social comparison. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[138]  J. Davies,et al.  Self‐esteem and National Tests in Years 2 and 6: a 4‐year longitudinal study , 1999 .

[139]  J. A. Dodge,et al.  Gender Differences in the Associations of Self Esteem, Stress and Social Support with Functional Health Status Among Older Adults with Heart Disease , 2001, Journal of women & aging.

[140]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[141]  Z. Kunda,et al.  Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[142]  S. Murray The Quest for Conviction: Motivated Cognition in Romantic Relationships , 1999 .

[143]  M. Baldwin,et al.  Self-esteem and "if . . . then" contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[144]  J. Pennebaker,et al.  Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: the blind men and the elephant revisited? , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[145]  Joel Brockner,et al.  If at first you don't succeed, try, try again: Effects of persistence-performance contingencies, ego involvement, and self-esteem on task persistence. , 1988 .

[146]  K. Power,et al.  Comparison of eating disorders and other dietary/weight groups on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, and self-directed hostility. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[147]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  A model of dual attitudes. , 2000, Psychological review.

[148]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. , 1977 .

[149]  Shinobu Kitayama,et al.  The Collective Construction of Self Esteem , 1995 .

[150]  H. Markus,et al.  Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[151]  W. K. Campbell,et al.  Age and Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis , 2001 .

[152]  R. Ryan,et al.  Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals , 1996 .

[153]  C. Sedikides A Multiplicity of Motives: The Case of Self-Improvement , 1999 .

[154]  A. Tuulio-Henriksson,et al.  Predictors of alcohol intake and heavy drinking in early adulthood: a 5-year follow-up of 15-19-year-old Finnish adolescents. , 2001, Alcohol and alcoholism.

[155]  Richard P. Larrick,et al.  Protecting the self from the negative consequences of risky decisions. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[156]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East? , 1995 .

[157]  S. Mineka,et al.  Attributional style and self-esteem: the prediction of emotional distress following a midterm exam. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[158]  K. Cross Not can, but will college teaching be improved? , 1977 .

[159]  F. Rhodewalt,et al.  The Double-Edged Sword of Self-Handicapping: Discounting, Augmentation, and the Protection and Enhancement of Self-Esteem , 1997 .

[160]  Pancultural self-enhancement. , 2003 .

[161]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: how perceived regard regulates attachment processes. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[162]  Jim Blascovich,et al.  Effects of self-esteem and performance feedback on future affective preferences and cognitive expectations. , 1981 .

[163]  David Dunning,et al.  Trait Importance and Modifiability as Factors Influencing Self-Assessment and Self-Enhancement Motives , 1995 .

[164]  J. Kruger,et al.  Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[165]  L. Ross,et al.  The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others , 2002 .

[166]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Depressive Symptoms and Accuracy in the Prediction of Future Events , 1998 .

[167]  A. Greenwald The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. , 1980 .

[168]  W. Swann,et al.  Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[169]  P. Ditto,et al.  Perceived Accuracy of Favorable and Unfavorable Psychological Feedback , 1995 .

[170]  C. Paul,et al.  The determinants of sexual intercourse before age 16. , 2000, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[171]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[172]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[173]  P. Ditto,et al.  Motivated Skepticism: Use of Differential Decision Criteria for Preferred and Nonpreferred Conclusions , 1992 .

[174]  C. Rusbult,et al.  Self-esteem and problem-solving behaviour in close relationships. , 1987 .

[175]  D. Sanbonmatsu,et al.  Seff-Handicapping and Interpersonal Trade-Offs: The Effects of Claimed Self-Handicaps on Observers' Performance Evaluations and Feedback , 1995 .

[176]  Linda Simon,et al.  Trivialization: the forgotten mode of dissonance reduction. , 1995 .

[177]  Y. Trope,et al.  Reconciling competing motives in self-evaluation: the role of self-control in feedback seeking. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[178]  David Dunning,et al.  Egocentric Definitions of Traits and Abilities in Social Judgment , 1992 .

[179]  D. Tice The Social Motivations of People with Low Self-Esteem , 1993 .

[180]  L. Abramson,et al.  Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: sadder but wiser? , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[181]  D. Dunning,et al.  Ambiguity and self-evaluation: the role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability , 1989 .

[182]  N. Ambady,et al.  Self-Esteem, Self-Prediction, and Living up to Commitments , 1993 .

[183]  A. Furnham,et al.  Lay Theories of Happiness , 2000 .

[184]  R. Cialdini,et al.  Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football) Field Studies , 1976 .

[185]  R. Mcgee,et al.  Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents? , 2000, Journal of adolescence.

[186]  Marsha T. Gabriel,et al.  Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness , 1994 .

[187]  T. J. Berndt,et al.  Relations of Friendship Quality to Self-Esteem in Early Adolescence , 1996 .

[188]  R. Lennox,et al.  Getting along and getting ahead: Empirical support for a theory of protective and acquisitive self-presentation. , 1986 .

[189]  C. Sedikides,et al.  When do individuals help close others improve? The role of information diagnosticity. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[190]  J. Fleming,et al.  The dimensionality of self-esteem. II: Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales , 1984 .

[191]  J. Shepperd Behavioral Other-Enhancement : Strategically Obscuring the Link Between Performance and Evaluation , 2004 .

[192]  N. Weinstein Unrealistic optimism about future life events , 1980 .

[193]  W. Swann,et al.  From self-conceptions to self-worth: on the sources and structure of global self-esteem. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[194]  Tom Pyszczynski,et al.  Why Do We Need What We Need? A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation , 1997 .

[195]  W. Swann,et al.  The Juncture of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Knowledge: Self-Certainty and Interpersonal Congruence , 1994 .

[196]  Susan S. Hendrick,et al.  Romantic relationships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. , 1988 .

[197]  J. Koval,et al.  Stress-coping and other psychosocial risk factors: a model for smoking in grade 6 students. , 1999, Addictive behaviors.

[198]  R. Baumeister Self-esteem : the puzzle of low self-regard , 1993 .

[199]  P. Siltanen,et al.  Psychological risk factors related to coronary heart disease. Prospective studies among policemen in Helsinki. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[200]  J. Drew,et al.  Negative Social Interactions: Assessment and Relations to Social Support, Cognition, and Psychological Distress , 1994 .

[201]  B. Pelham,et al.  Two Roads to Positive Regard: Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluation and Culture , 1999 .

[202]  J. Campbell,et al.  Who am I? The Role of Self-Concept Confusion in Understanding the Behavior of People with Low Self-Esteem , 1993 .

[203]  J. D. Campbell,et al.  Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: the effects of self-esteem and self-complexity. , 1991, Journal of personality.

[204]  C. Rusbult,et al.  Being better than others but otherwise perfectly normal: Perceptions of uniqueness and similarity in close relationships , 1999 .

[205]  Laurie B. Mintz,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of eating disordered behaviors among undergraduate women. , 1988 .

[206]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory , 1979 .

[207]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  Self-esteem and responses to success and failure: Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation , 1985 .

[208]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[209]  T. Abernathy,et al.  The relationship between smoking and self-esteem. , 1995, Adolescence.

[210]  S. Murrell,et al.  Protective functions of health and self-esteem against depression in older adults facing illness or bereavement. , 1991, Psychology and aging.

[211]  D. Levine,et al.  The early use of alcohol and tobacco: its relation to children's competence and parents' behavior. , 1997, American journal of public health.

[212]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[213]  J W Rowe,et al.  Self-esteem and neuroendocrine response to challenge: MacArthur studies of successful aging. , 1995, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[214]  B. Pelham,et al.  Why Susie sells seashells by the seashore: implicit egotism and major life decisions. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[215]  D. Paulhus Two-component models of socially desirable responding. , 1984 .

[216]  C. Dweck Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Essays in Social Psychology. , 1999 .

[217]  John J. Skowronski,et al.  The Symbolic Self in Evolutionary Context , 1997, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[218]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  Self‐esteem, self‐presentation, and future Interaction: A dilemma of reputation , 1982 .

[219]  D. Olweus Chapter 3 Victimization Among School Children , 1991 .

[220]  Curtis D. Hardin,et al.  Unconscious Unease and Self-Handicapping: Behavioral Consequences of Individual Differences in Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem , 1999 .

[221]  M. Bond,et al.  Do Chinese Self-Enhance or Self-Efface? It's a Matter of Domain , 1998 .

[222]  J. Harrell,et al.  Cigarette use in adolescents: the Cardiovascular Health in Children and Youth Study. , 2001, Research in nursing & health.

[223]  Mahzarin R. Banaji,et al.  The Self in Social Contexts , 1994 .

[224]  E. Diener,et al.  Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being. , 1995 .

[225]  Kenneth W Griffin,et al.  Dynamic Growth Models of Self-Esteem and Adolescent Alcohol Use , 2000 .

[226]  M. Alicke Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives. , 1985 .

[227]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  How the Self Became a Problem: A Psychological Review of Historical Research , 1987 .

[228]  K. Horner Personality and intimate support influences on prospective health status , 2001 .

[229]  Y. Trope Self-assessment, self-enhancement, and task preference. , 1980 .

[230]  A. Aron,et al.  Close Relationships as Including Other in the Self , 1991 .

[231]  C. Morf,et al.  Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model , 2001 .

[232]  J. Campbell,et al.  Informational and normative routes to conformity: The effect of faction size as a function of norm extremity and attention to the stimulus. , 1989 .

[233]  Bor-Shiuan Cheng,et al.  Cultural Relativity in Action: A Comparison of Self-Ratings Made by Chinese and U.S. Workers , 1991 .

[234]  Jeffrey T. Polzer,et al.  Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[235]  C. Sedikides,et al.  A Homecoming to the Individual Self: Emotional and Motivational Primacy , 2001 .

[236]  Astrid Schütz,et al.  Associative and competitive indirect self-enhancement in close relationships moderated by trait self-esteem , 1997 .

[237]  Carmi Schooler,et al.  Self-esteem and adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects. , 1989 .

[238]  Z. Kunda,et al.  Superstars and me : Predicting the impact of role models on the self , 1997 .

[239]  R. Collins For Better or Worse: The Impact of Upward Social Comparison on Self-Evaluations , 1996 .

[240]  R. Baumeister,et al.  When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: negative consequences of high self-esteem. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[241]  W. Swann,et al.  Self-verification in clinical depression: the desire for negative evaluation. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[242]  Jessica L. Tracy,et al.  Personality Correlates of Self-Esteem , 2001 .

[243]  H. Inderbitzen,et al.  Peer Acceptance and Friendship: An Investigation of their Relation to Self-Esteem , 1995 .

[244]  W. Swann Identity negotiation: where two roads meet. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[245]  C. Morf,et al.  Self-handicapping : the role of discounting and augmentation in the preservation of self-esteem , 1991 .

[246]  Kristin E. Voelkl,et al.  Social Stigma: The Affective Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity , 1991 .

[247]  J. Brehm Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. , 1956, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[248]  H. Reis,et al.  Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[249]  James T. Tedeschi,et al.  Self-Serving Attributions: Biased Private Perceptions and Distorted Public Descriptions , 1981 .

[250]  T. Judge,et al.  A rose by any other name: Are self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, neuroticism, and locus of control indicators of a common construct? , 2001 .

[251]  C. Steele The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self , 1988 .

[252]  Jennifer S. Beer,et al.  Positive illusions about the self: short-term benefits and long-term costs. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[253]  S. Epstein,et al.  Is the self motivated to do more than enhance and/or verify itself? , 1995 .

[254]  A. Elliot,et al.  The Self in Relationships: Whether, How, and When Close Others Put the Self “in Its Place” , 2002 .

[255]  D. Tice Esteem protection or enhancement ? self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem , 1991 .

[256]  Ken Rigby,et al.  The relationship of Eysenck's personality factors and self-esteem to bully-victim behaviour in Australian schoolboys , 1993 .

[257]  Dieter Frey,et al.  Recent Research on Selective Exposure to Information , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[258]  M. Kernis,et al.  Stability of self-esteem: assessment, correlates, and excuse making. , 1992, Journal of personality.

[259]  Kathleen D. Vohs,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST DOES HIGH SELF-ESTEEM CAUSE BETTER PERFORMANCE, INTERPERSONAL SUCCESS, HAPPINESS, OR HEALTHIER LIFESTYLES? , 2022 .

[260]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives about anger. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[261]  R. Bornstein Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. , 1989 .

[262]  D. Dunning,et al.  A New Look at Motivated Inference: Are Self-Serving Theories of Success a Product of Motivational Forces? , 1995 .

[263]  M. Clark,et al.  Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. , 1979 .

[264]  R. Baumeister Identity: Cultural Change and the Struggle for Self , 1986 .

[265]  R. Dawes,et al.  House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth. , 1995 .

[266]  W. Swann,et al.  A battle of wills: self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[267]  Todd F. Heatherton,et al.  Chronic dieting and eating disorders: A spiral model. , 1992 .

[268]  J G Hixon,et al.  Authenticity and positivity strivings in marriage and courtship. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[269]  David W. Wetter,et al.  Pardon my gaffe: Effects of sex, status, and consequence severity on accounts. , 1990 .

[270]  A. Tesser,et al.  On the substitutability of self-protective mechanisms , 1996 .

[271]  J. M. Nuttin,et al.  Overvaluation of own attributes: Mere ownership or subjective frequency? , 1993 .

[272]  B. A. Ryan,et al.  Rule compliance and peer sociability: a study of family process, school-focused parent-child interactions, and children's classroom behavior. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[273]  T. Nagel Mortal Questions: What is it like to be a bat? , 2012 .

[274]  A. Tesser,et al.  Some effects of task relevance and friendship on helping: You don't always help the one you like☆ , 1980 .

[275]  F. Fincham,et al.  The Impact of Attributions in Marriage: An Individual Difference Analysis , 1989 .

[276]  D T Gilbert,et al.  The Fleeting Gleam of Praise Cognitive Processes Underlying Behavioral Reactions to Self-Relevant Feedback , 2001 .

[277]  F. Heider The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[278]  L. Abramson,et al.  Depressive realism: Four theoretical perspectives. , 1988 .

[279]  Charles P. Thompson,et al.  Social memory in everyday life: Recall of self-events and other-events. , 1991 .

[280]  Todd K. Shackelford,et al.  Self-esteem in marriage. , 2001 .

[281]  C. Sedikides,et al.  Being more honest but not necessarily more intelligent than others: generality and explanations for the Muhammad Ali effect , 1998 .

[282]  Thomas F. Pettigrew,et al.  The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice , 1979 .

[283]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Adolescent binge/purge and weight loss behaviors: associations with developmental assets. , 2001, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[284]  J. Garber,et al.  Cognitions and stress: direct and moderating effects on depressive versus externalizing symptoms during the junior high school transition. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[285]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. , 1975, Psychological bulletin.

[286]  Z. Kunda,et al.  The case for motivated reasoning. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[287]  J. M. Nuttin Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve European languages , 1987 .

[288]  Delroy L. Paulhus,et al.  Social desirable responding: The evolution of a construct , 2002 .

[289]  F. Rhodewalt,et al.  Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance , 1991 .

[290]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Psychosocial correlates of health compromising behaviors among adolescents. , 1997, Health education research.

[291]  E. Sonuga-Barke,et al.  A prospective study of self-esteem in the prediction of eating problems in adolescent schoolgirls: questionnaire findings. , 1996, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[292]  Brian A. Nosek,et al.  THE GO/NO-GO ASSOCIATION TASK , 2001 .

[293]  J. Campbell,et al.  Self-esteem and persistence in the face of failure. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[294]  J. D. Campbell,et al.  Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[295]  Kenneth A. Graetz,et al.  In search of self-definition: motivational primacy of the individual self, motivational primacy of the collective self, or contextual primacy? , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[296]  H. Engeland,et al.  Personality characteristics predict outcome of eating disorders in adolescents: A 4-year prospective study , 1998, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.

[297]  Nathaniel Branden,et al.  How to Raise Your Self-Esteem , 1987 .

[298]  E. Diener,et al.  Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[299]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  The benefits of positive illusions: Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships. , 1996 .

[300]  Jim Blascovich,et al.  On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self‐esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence , 1984 .

[301]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory , 2000 .

[302]  Beckett A. Broh,et al.  The Roles of Self-esteem and the Sense of Personal Control in the Academic Achievement Process. , 2000 .

[303]  Jonathon D. Brown,et al.  Truth and Consequences: The Costs and Benefits of Accurate Self-Knowledge , 1995 .

[304]  N. Kuiper,et al.  Depression and causal attributions for success and failure. , 1978, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[305]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Self-Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self-Esteem , 1989 .

[306]  J. Kurman Self-Enhancement: Is it Restricted to Individualistic Cultures? , 2001 .

[307]  A. Baumgardner,et al.  To know oneself is to like oneself: self-certainty and self-affect. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[308]  W. Mcguire Dynamic operations of thought systems. , 1990, The American psychologist.

[309]  Swann,et al.  To be adored or to be known? The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. , 1990 .

[310]  D. P. Cornell,et al.  There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: the importance of stability of self-esteem. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[311]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. , 2002 .

[312]  R. Fazio On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview , 2001 .

[313]  B. Pelham,et al.  Name letter preferences are not merely mere exposure: Implicit egotism as self-regulation. , 2002 .

[314]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Seeing virtues in faults: Negativity and the transformation of interpersonal narratives in close relationships. , 1993 .

[315]  H. Tennen,et al.  Depression, self-esteem, and the absence of self-protective attributional biases. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[316]  Elliot Aronson,et al.  The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. , 1959 .

[317]  W. Swann,et al.  Outcasts in a white-lie society: the enigmatic worlds of people with negative self-conceptions. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[318]  F. Rhodewalt,et al.  Narcissus Reflects: Memory Distortion in Response to Ego-Relevant Feedback among High- and Low-Narcissistic Men , 2002 .

[319]  E. Aidman Measuring individual differences in implicit self-concept: Initial validation of the Self-Apperception Test. , 1999 .

[320]  Kathleen E. Cook,et al.  Emotional responses to changing feedback: is it better to have won and lost than never to have won at all? , 2002, Journal of personality.

[321]  Alexandra F. Corning,et al.  Self-Esteem as a Moderator Between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Women , 2002 .

[322]  B. Mullen,et al.  Social projection, actual consensus and valence , 1990 .

[323]  W. Chaplin,et al.  Social competence and depression: the role of illusory self-perceptions. , 1980, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[324]  J. Crocker,et al.  Self-Esteem and Self-Serving Biases in Reactions to Positive and Negative Events: An Integrative Review , 1993 .

[325]  S. Hill,et al.  Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism , 2000, Biological Psychiatry.

[326]  Mark Snyder,et al.  Unrealistic Optimism: Self-Enhancement or Person Positivity? , 1995 .

[327]  Jack L. Vevea,et al.  The "I," the "we," and the "when": a meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[328]  Stephen J. Read,et al.  Acquiring Self-Knowledge: The Search for Feedback That Fits , 1981 .

[329]  M. Alicke,et al.  The “Better Than Myself Effect” , 2001 .

[330]  From the top down: Self-esteem and self-evaluation , 2001 .

[331]  S. Beach,et al.  Decision making power and marital satisfaction: a self-evaluation maintenance perspective , 1993 .

[332]  Tom Pyszczynski,et al.  The self-serving attributional bias: Beyond self-presentation , 1982 .

[333]  Constantine Sedikides,et al.  On the evolutionary functions of the symbolic self: The emergence of self-evaluation motives. , 2000 .