DNA Stabilization and Hybridization Detection on Porous Silicon Surface by EIS and Total Reflection FT‐IR Spectroscopy

Electrochemically etched porous silicon (PSi) is formed and employed as a substrate for the entrapment of oligonucleotides and the subsequent development of stable DNA biosensors. The controlled potential anodic etching of p-type silicon wafers is optimized in order to obtain a surface layer with pore diameters which are close to those of the adsorbed DNA helix. The stabilization and hybridization of DNA inside the PSi layer is confirmed using ATR-FTIR. Moreover hybridization is verified by the large and reproducible impedance changes at the interface layer. The developed PSi DNA sensor paves the way for the label-free detection of oligonucleotide sequences in DNA microarrays and microfabricated PSi field-effect sensors.

[1]  S. Franzen,et al.  Detection of DNA Hybridization on Gold Surfaces by Polarization Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy , 2002 .

[2]  M F Lawrence,et al.  DNA covalent immobilization onto screen-printed electrode networks for direct label-free hybridization detection of p53 sequences. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  Yufeng Ma,et al.  A nonoxidative sensor based on a self-doped polyaniline/carbon nanotube composite for sensitive and selective detection of the neurotransmitter dopamine. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  J. N. Russell,et al.  Electrical properties of diamond surfaces functionalized with molecular monolayers. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[5]  N. Chaniotakis,et al.  Stabilization of enzymes in nanoporous materials for biosensor applications. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[6]  Mark B. Cannell,et al.  Amplification of a conducting polymer-based DNA sensor signal by CdS nanoparticles , 2006 .

[7]  J. Köhler,et al.  Chip-based optical detection of DNA hybridization by means of nanobead labeling. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Christian Soeller,et al.  Novel Conducting Polymers for DNA Sensing , 2007 .

[9]  Shanlin Pan,et al.  Chemical control of electrode functionalization for detection of DNA hybridization by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  M. Amin,et al.  Corrosion inhibition study of pure Al and some of its alloys in 1.0 M HCl solution by impedance technique , 2004 .

[11]  G. Rivas,et al.  DNA-Modified Electrode for the Detection of Aromatic Amines , 1996 .

[12]  V. Litovchenko,et al.  Porous silicon microstructure and composition characterization depending on the formation conditions , 2006 .

[13]  L. Canham.  Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers , 1990 .

[14]  M. Kissi,et al.  Establishment of equivalent circuits from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of corrosion inhibition of steel by pyrazine in sulphuric acidic solution , 2006 .

[15]  Wolfgang Knoll,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance study of streptavidin film structure effects on biotinylated DNA assembly and target DNA hybridization. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[16]  Yi-Tao Long,et al.  Electrochemical detection of single-nucleotide mismatches: application of M-DNA. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Fluorescence detection of DNA by the catalytic activation of an aptamer/thrombin complex. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[18]  C. M. Elliott,et al.  Indirect electrochemical sensing of DNA hybridization based on the catalytic oxidation of cobalt (II). , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[19]  Charles Cougnon,et al.  Label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on EIS investigation of conducting properties of functionalized polythiophene matrix , 2006 .

[20]  Frank Davis,et al.  Single gene differentiation by DNA-modified carbon electrodes using an AC impedimetric approach. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Michael S Strano,et al.  Detection of DNA hybridization using the near-infrared band-gap fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2006, Nano letters.

[22]  Christian Soeller,et al.  Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization amplified by nanoparticles. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  Kian Ping Loh,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and electrochemistry study of 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine: a switchable redox polymer with nitro functional groups. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[24]  F. Caruso,et al.  Quartz crystal microbalance study of DNA immobilization and hybridization for nucleic Acid sensor development. , 1997, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  K A Dill,et al.  Stabilization of proteins in confined spaces. , 2001, Biochemistry.

[26]  S. Sarangi,et al.  Biocatalytic growth of semiconductor nanowires , 2007 .

[27]  F Lesbre,et al.  Characterization and optimization of a real-time, parallel, label-free, polypyrrole-based DNA sensor by surface plasmon resonance imaging. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  K. Kaneko,et al.  Pore structure of porous silicon formed on a lightly doped crystal silicon , 1996 .

[29]  P. He,et al.  Layer-by-layer fabrication and characterization of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube particles. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[30]  Frank Davis,et al.  Species differentiation by DNA-modified carbon electrodes using an ac impedimetric approach. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[31]  N. Chaniotakis,et al.  Immobilization of enzymes into nanocavities for the improvement of biosensor stability. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[32]  Dejian Zhou,et al.  Label-free detection of DNA hybridization at the nanoscale: a highly sensitive and selective approach using atomic-force microscopy. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[33]  A. Karyakin,et al.  Surfactant bilayers for the direct electrochemical detection of affinity interactions. , 2002, Bioelectrochemistry.

[34]  A. Brookes.  The essence of SNPs. , 1999, Gene.

[35]  Fredrik Höök,et al.  Characterization of PNA and DNA Immobilization and Subsequent Hybridization with DNA Using Acoustic-Shear-Wave Attenuation Measurements , 2001 .

[36]  E. Choi,et al.  Optical detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization using an anchoring transition of liquid crystal alignment , 2005 .

[37]  M F Lawrence,et al.  Immobilization of homooligonucleotide probe layers onto Si/SiO(2) substrates: characterization by electrochemical impedance measurements and radiolabelling. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[38]  Jian Wang,et al.  Surface functionalization of ultrananocrystalline diamond films by electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[39]  M. Tarlov,et al.  Base-dependent competitive adsorption of single-stranded DNA on gold. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[40]  D. R. Turner.  Electropolishing Silicon in Hydrofluoric Acid Solutions , 1958 .

[41]  Yu-cong Wang,et al.  Silver nanoparticle-based ultrasensitive chemiluminescent detection of DNA hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[42]  A J Bard,et al.  Monitoring DNA immobilization and hybridization on surfaces by atomic force microscopy force measurements. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[43]  Nokyoung Park,et al.  Electrochemical sensing of DNA hybridization based on duplex-specific charge compensation. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  Rolf Hilfiker,et al.  The use of single-nucleotide polymorphism maps in pharmacogenomics , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[45]  I. Willner,et al.  Liposomes labeled with biotin and horseradish peroxidase: a probe for the enhanced amplification of antigen--antibody or oligonucleotide--DNA sensing processes by the precipitation of an insoluble product on electrodes. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  Marc Madou,et al.  DNA hybridization detection by label free versus impedance amplifying label with impedance spectroscopy , 2006 .

[47]  Thomas Laurell,et al.  Porous silicon as the carrier matrix in microstructured enzyme reactors yielding high enzyme activities , 1997 .

[48]  Pavel Takmakov,et al.  Sensing DNA hybridization via ionic conductance through a nanoporous electrode. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[49]  Tao Yang,et al.  A DNA electrochemical sensor based on nanogold-modified poly-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid film and detection of PAT gene fragment. , 2007, Analytical biochemistry.

[50]  Chen-Zhong Li,et al.  Impedance sensing of DNA binding drugs using gold substrates modified with gold nanoparticles. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  D. W. van der Weide,et al.  Direct electrical detection of hybridization at DNA-modified silicon surfaces. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[52]  J. Hacia.  Resequencing and mutational analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[53]  J. N. Russell,et al.  Interfacial electrical properties of DNA-modified diamond thin films: intrinsic response and hybridization-induced field effects. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[54]  Wolfgang Knoll,et al.  In situ hybridization of PNA/DNA studied label-free by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[55]  C. Buess-Herman,et al.  Electrochemical DNA hybridization detection using peptide nucleic acids and [Ru(NH3)6]3+ on gold electrodes. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[56]  Tatsuro Endo,et al.  Label-free detection of peptide nucleic acid-DNA hybridization using localized surface plasmon resonance based optical biosensor. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[57]  A. Uhlir.  Electrolytic shaping of germanium and silicon , 1956 .

[58]  Mark B. Cannell,et al.  DNA sensor based on functionalized polypyrrole , 2005 .

[59]  Christian Soeller,et al.  Label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on a novel functionalized conducting polymer. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[60]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Enzyme-Linked Amplified Electrochemical Sensing of Oligonucleotide−DNA Interactions by Means of the Precipitation of an Insoluble Product and Using Impedance Spectroscopy , 1999 .

[61]  Michael J. Uren,et al.  Microstructure and formation mechanism of porous silicon , 1985 .

[62]  Christian Soeller,et al.  Label-free electrochemical DNA sensor based on functionalised conducting copolymer. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.