PTC Effect in BaTiO3 as a Function of Doping with 3d Elements

The electrical resistivities, grain sizes, and charge carrier densities of Sb-doped PTC-type BaTiO3 ceramics were measured as a function of additional doping with 3d ions of varying concentrations. From analysis of the PTC characteristics on the basis of Heywang's model it proved possible to derive grain-surface acceptor-state energies corresponding to the particular 3d dopants, demonstrating the particular significance of doping with Mn, Fe, and Cu ions.