Stages of Cognitive Development in Uncertain-Logic-Based AI Systems

A novel theory of stages in cognitive development is presented, loosely corresponding to Piagetan theory but specifically oriented toward AI systems centered on uncertain inference components. Four stages are articulated (infantile, concrete, formal and reflexive), and are characterized both in terms of external cognitive achievements (a la Piaget) and in terms of internal inference control dynamics. The theory is illustrated via the analysis of specific problem solving tasks corresponding to the different stages. The Novamente AI Engine, with its Probabilistic Logic Networks uncertain inference component and its embodiment n the AGI-SIM simulation world, is used as an example throughout.

[1]  Michael Lamport Commons,et al.  Hierarchical Complexity of Tasks Shows the Existence of Developmental Stages , 1998 .

[2]  M L Howe,et al.  Dynamic modeling, chaos, and cognitive development. , 1994, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[3]  T. Shultz.  Computational Developmental Psychology , 2003 .

[4]  R. Gordon.  Folk Psychology as Simulation , 1986 .

[5]  Juan Pascual-Leone,et al.  The encoding and decoding of symbols by children: A new experimental paradigm and a neo-Piagetian model , 1969 .

[6]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Probabilistic Logic * , 2022 .

[7]  R. Gelman,et al.  Young children's numerical competence ** , 1986 .

[8]  Robert M. Fung,et al.  Metaprobability and Dempster-Shafer in Evidential Reasoning , 2013, UAI.

[9]  S. Carey.  Conceptual Change in Childhood , 1985 .

[10]  Michael Lamport Commons,et al.  Beyond Formal Operations: Late Adolescent and Adult Cognitive Development , 1984 .

[11]  K. Fischer.  A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. , 1980 .

[12]  A. Opstal.  Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior , 1995 .

[13]  Béla Bollobás,et al.  Modern Graph Theory , 2002, Graduate Texts in Mathematics.

[14]  B. Foss.  New Horizons in Psychology 1 , 1966 .

[15]  Geoffrey Hellman.  Structuralism , 2007, The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic.

[16]  S. Baron-Cohen.  Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind , 1997 .

[17]  Robbie Case,et al.  Intellectual development : birth to adulthood , 1985 .

[18]  R. Byrne,et al.  Machiavellian intelligence : social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans , 1990 .

[19]  Pei Wang,et al.  Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (Version 4.1) , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[20]  Klaus F. Riegel.  Dialectic Operations: The Final Period of Cognitive Development. , 1973 .

[21]  Michael Lamport Commons,et al.  Systematic and metasystematic reasoning: A case for levels of reasoning beyond Piaget's stage of formal operations. , 1982 .

[22]  Peter Norvig,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach , 1995 .

[23]  Michael Lamport,et al.  Hierarchical Complexity: A Formal Theory , 2004 .

[24]  P. K. Arlin,et al.  Cognitive development in adulthood: A fifth stage? , 1975 .

[25]  J. Piaget.  Biology and knowledge;: An essay on the relations between organic regulations and cognitive processes , 1971 .

[26]  D. Lewkowicz,et al.  A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. , 2007, Journal of cognitive neuroscience.

[27]  Donald MacKenzie,et al.  The automation of proof: a historical and sociological exploration , 1995, IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput..

[28]  Jean Piaget.  Piaget’s Theory , 1976 .

[29]  Steven P. Horst,et al.  The Elm And The Expert , 1994 .

[30]  Ben Goertzel,et al.  Patterns, Hypergraphs and Embodied General Intelligence , 2006, The 2006 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network Proceedings.

[31]  Bruce Hannon,et al.  Dynamic Modeling , 1994, Springer US.

[32]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[33]  Ben Goertzel,et al.  NOVAMENTE: An Integrative Architecture for Artificial General Intelligence , 2004 .

[34]  Fred Piaget.  Piaget's Theory of Director Development. , 1986 .

[35]  John E. Warnock,et al.  Dynamic modeling , 1977, SIGGRAPH.

[36]  J C Gibbs.  Kohlberg's moral stage theory: a Piagetian revision. , 1979, Human development.

[37]  Mark H. Bickhard,et al.  Piaget on Variation and Selection Models: Structuralism, Logical Necessity, and Interactivism , 1988 .

[38]  L. Zadeh.  Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility , 1999 .

[39]  Jean Piaget,et al.  Studies in Reflecting Abstraction , 2001 .

[40]  Glenn Shafer,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Evidence , 2020, A Mathematical Theory of Evidence.

[41]  L. Vygotsky,et al.  Thought and Language , 1963 .

[42]  Pei Wang,et al.  Non-axiomatic reasoning system: exploring the essence of intelligence , 1996 .

[43]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment , 2002 .

[44]  D. Dennett.  The Intentional Stance. , 1987 .

[45]  Henry E. Kyburg,et al.  Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Evidential Updating , 1987, Artificial Intelligence.

[46]  Stuart C. Shapiro,et al.  Crystal Cassie: Use of a 3-D Gaming Environment for a Cognitive Agent , 2003 .

[47]  J. Piaget,et al.  The Growth of Logical Thinking , 1959 .

[48]  M. Raijmakers.  Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. , 1997 .

[49]  G. Ermentrout.  Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior , 1997 .

[50]  P. Walley.  Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities , 1990 .

[51]  D. Davidson.  Inquiries Into Truth and Interpretation , 1984 .

[52]  Leslie J. Briggs,et al.  Principles of Instructional Design , 1974 .

[53]  L. S. Vygotksy.  Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes , 1978 .

[54]  Michael Lamport Commons,et al.  Models and methods in the study of adolescent and adult thought , 1990 .

[55]  B. Bower.  A Child's Theory of Mind , 1993 .