A comparative analysis of the engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol (C4 alcohol) and biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) fuel blends

Abstract In this study, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine running on biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol and biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol fuel blends were investigated and compared with diesel fuel under different engine speeds and full load operating conditions. Test fuels were prepared with 5 and 10 vol% 1-butanol and n-pentanol. Engine test results indicated that brake powers and torques decreased as the amount of alcohol increased, while BSFC increased between 0.77% and 8.07%. Alcohol blended fuels acquired lower EGT and CO2, while observing higher O2 emission due to high oxygen content of alcohol compared to diesel fuel. Alcohol treated blends also diminished NOX by 0.56–2.65%, CO by 6.90–32.40%, and smoke by 10.47–44.43%. Moreover, n-pentanol blended fuels showed better performance and emission results than 1-butanol blends. Maximum in-cylinder pressure of higher alcohol blended fuels found between 94.55 and 95.82 bar at 371-372oCA for 1400 rpm, and between 78.19 and 82.19 bar at 375-376oCA for 2600 rpm. Alcohol addition into the blends increased maximum in-cylinder pressure up to 1.38% at low speed, whereas it decreased up to 3.75% at high speed. Furthermore, higher HRR values up to 8.5% were observed with the alcohol mixed fuels. Consequently, higher alcohols (n-pentanol and 1-butanol) can be utilized as alternative additives in biodiesel/diesel blends for diesel engines to improve emissions, although they adversely influence engine performance.

[1]  J. P. Holman,et al.  Experimental methods for engineers , 1971 .

[2]  H. Masjuki,et al.  Influences of ignition improver additive on ternary (diesel-biodiesel-higher alcohol) blends thermal stability and diesel engine performance , 2016 .

[3]  Liangjie Wei,et al.  Effect of n-pentanol addition on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine , 2014 .

[4]  Xianming Shi,et al.  Emission characteristics using methyl soyate-ethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine , 2005 .

[5]  M. Akar.  Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine operating with false flax biodiesel and butanol blends , 2016 .

[6]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Combustion, gaseous and particulate emission of a diesel engine fueled with n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel , 2016 .

[7]  A. Kahraman,et al.  Performance, emission and combustion analysis of a compression ignition engine using biofuel blends , 2017 .

[8]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  Properties and use of Moringa oleifera biodiesel and diesel fuel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine , 2014 .

[9]  E. A. Ajav,et al.  Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol--diesel blends as fuel , 1999 .

[10]  Pinakeswar Mahanta,et al.  Evaluation of Fuel Properties of Butanol−Biodiesel−Diesel Blends and Their Impact on Engine Performance and Emissions , 2010 .

[11]  Wenming Yang,et al.  Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions , 2012 .

[12]  H. Masjuki,et al.  A comparative study of C4 and C5 alcohol treated diesel-biodiesel blends in terms of diesel engine performance and exhaust emission , 2016 .

[13]  H. Öğüt,et al.  Effects of using ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel in single cylinder diesel engine to engine performance and emissions , 2017 .

[14]  Kezrane Cheikh,et al.  Experimental assessment of performance and emissions maps for biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine , 2016 .

[15]  A. Bilgin,et al.  Two-term power models for estimating kinematic viscosities of different biodiesel-diesel fuel blends , 2016 .

[16]  I. López,et al.  Effect of the use of olive–pomace oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends in a compression ignition engine: Preliminary exergy analysis , 2014 .

[17]  Özer Can,et al.  Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures , 2004 .

[18]  G. Venkata Subbaiah,et al.  An experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with rice bran biodiesel and ethanol blends. , 2011 .

[19]  Barat Ghobadian,et al.  Diesterol: An environment-friendly IC engine fuel , 2009 .

[20]  T. Eryilmaz,et al.  Influence of blending ratio on the physicochemical properties of safflower oil methyl ester-safflower oil, safflower oil methyl ester-diesel and safflower oil-diesel. , 2016 .

[21]  R. McCormick,et al.  Exhaust emissions and fuel properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil methyl esters blended with ultra low sulfur diesel fuel , 2009 .

[22]  R. Anand,et al.  Effect of biodiesel-diesel-n-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-hexanol blends on diesel engine emission and combustion characteristics , 2017 .

[23]  Li Li,et al.  Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends , 2015 .

[24]  Erol Ileri,et al.  Extensive analyses of diesel–vegetable oil–n-butanol ternary blends in a diesel engine , 2015 .

[25]  Şükran Efe,et al.  Comparative engine characteristics of biodiesels from hazelnut, corn, soybean, canola and sunflower oils on DI diesel engine , 2018 .

[26]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste co , 2011 .

[27]  İlker Örs,et al.  Effect of cetane improver addition into diesel fuel: Methanol mixtures on performance and emissions at different injection pressures , 2017 .

[28]  A. Ibrahim.  Performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends , 2016 .

[29]  D. Hulwan,et al.  Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends of high ethanol content , 2011 .

[30]  Chun Shun Cheung,et al.  Investigation on the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends. , 2015 .

[31]  Kadir Aydin,et al.  Experimental and regression analysis of noise and vibration of a compression ignition engine fuelled with various biodiesels , 2016 .

[32]  A. Yaşar,et al.  The Influence of Diesel Fuel-biodiesel-ethanol-butanol Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine , 2013 .

[33]  Deep P. Patel,et al.  An assessment on the effects of 1-pentanol and 1-butanol as additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel , 2018 .

[34]  Mahmudur Rahman,et al.  Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel–diesel blend and environmental and economic impacts of biodiesel production: A review , 2017 .

[35]  G. R. Watts,et al.  Transport infrastructure: making more sustainable decisions for noise reduction , 2013 .

[36]  S. Saravanan,et al.  Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: A review , 2016 .

[37]  B. Prabakaran,et al.  Experimental investigation into effects of addition of zinc oxide on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends in CI engine , 2016 .

[38]  José Ricardo Sodré,et al.  Exhaust emissions from a diesel powered vehicle fuelled by soybean biodiesel blends (B3–B20) with ethanol as an additive (B20E2–B20E5) , 2011 .

[39]  S. Saravanan,et al.  Correlation for thermal NOx formation in compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel , 2012 .

[40]  Naba Kumar Mondal,et al.  Vulnerability of bus and truck drivers affected from vehicle engine noise , 2014 .

[41]  Nadir Yilmaz,et al.  Comparative analysis of biodiesel–ethanol–diesel and biodiesel–methanol–diesel blends in a diesel engine , 2012 .

[42]  Y.zh. Bian,et al.  Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics and performance of a direct injection engine fueled with biodiesel/diesel blends , 2010 .

[43]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends , 2007 .

[44]  Y. Çelebi,et al.  Investigation of the effects of butanol addition on safflower biodiesel usage as fuel in a generator diesel engine , 2018, Fuel.

[45]  M. Loganathan,et al.  The Effect of Ethanol Addition in a Biodiesel Operated DI Diesel Engine on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics , 2013 .

[46]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Effects of ethanol–diesel–biodiesel blends on combustion and emissions in premixed low temperature combustion , 2013 .

[47]  Gvidonas Labeckas,et al.  The effect of ethanol–diesel–biodiesel blends on combustion, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine , 2014 .

[48]  H. G. How,et al.  Effect of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blends on combustion, performance, exhaust particulate matter and gaseous emissions in a multi-cylinder diesel engine , 2018, Fuel.

[49]  K. Varatharajan,et al.  Influence of fuel properties and composition on NOx emissions from biodiesel powered diesel engines: A review , 2012 .

[50]  Erinç Uludamar,et al.  Experimental and artificial neural network approach of noise and vibration characteristic of an unmodified diesel engine fuelled with conventional diesel, and biodiesel blends with natural gas addition , 2017 .

[51]  Jingping Liu,et al.  Experimental investigation on the effects of compression ratio on in-cylinder combustion process and performance improvement of liquefied methane engine , 2017 .

[52]  Kyle Benalil,et al.  Effect of biodiesel–butanol fuel blends on emissions and performance characteristics of a diesel engine , 2014 .

[53]  M. Kalam,et al.  Impact of fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Jatropha and Alexandrian laurel biodiesel blends: An analysis of performance and emission characteristics , 2016 .

[54]  A. N. Ozsezen,et al.  Using waste animal fat based biodiesels–bioethanol–diesel fuel blends in a DI diesel engine , 2015 .

[55]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  Higher alcohol–biodiesel–diesel blends: An approach for improving the performance, emission, and combustion of a light-duty diesel engine , 2016 .

[56]  J. O. Igbokwe,et al.  Performance characteristics of palm kernel biodiesel and its blend in a CI engine , 2016 .

[57]  Yaşar Önder Özgören,et al.  The determination of effects of soybean and hazelnut methyl ester addition to the diesel fuel on the engine performance and exhaust emissions , 2017 .

[58]  Gopalakrishnan Kumar,et al.  Perspective of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) as a potential biodiesel feedstock in Turkey: characterization, engine performance and emissions analyses of butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends , 2020 .

[59]  Bedri Yüksel,et al.  Experimental investigation of the effect of diesel–cotton oil–n-butanol ternary blends on phase stability, engine performance and exhaust emission parameters in a diesel engine , 2013 .

[60]  Hüseyin Benli,et al.  Energy diversity and nuclear energy for sustainable development in Turkey , 2017 .

[61]  I. M. Rizwanul Fattah,et al.  Biodiesel production, characterization, diesel engine performance, and emission characteristics of methyl esters from aphanamixis polystachya oil of Bangladesh , 2015 .

[62]  Alp Tekin Ergenç,et al.  Effects of soybean biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics , 2014 .

[63]  Cenk Sayin,et al.  Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol–diesel blends , 2010 .

[64]  R. Dhanasekaran,et al.  A sustainable and eco-friendly fueling approach for direct-injection diesel engines using restaurant yellow grease and n-pentanol in blends with diesel fuel , 2017 .

[65]  Kadir Aydin,et al.  Vibration, noise and exhaust emissions analyses of an unmodified compression ignition engine fuelled with low sulphur diesel and biodiesel blends with hydrogen addition , 2016 .

[66]  Erdi Tosun,et al.  Determination of effects of various alcohol additions into peanut methyl ester on performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine , 2014 .

[67]  Swati,et al.  A brief overview: Present status on utilization of mustard oil and cake , 2015 .

[68]  Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin,et al.  Characterization of a diesel engine operating with a small proportion of methanol as a fuel additive in biodiesel blend , 2014 .

[69]  Mustafa Acaroglu,et al.  Determining the performance, emission and combustion properties of camelina biodiesel blends , 2015 .

[70]  E. G. Giakoumis.  Analysis of 22 vegetable oils’ physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition on a statistical basis, and correlation with the degree of unsaturation , 2018, Renewable Energy.

[71]  R. Reitz,et al.  An experimental study on the effects of oxygenated fuel blends and multiple injection strategies on DI diesel engine emissions , 1999 .

[72]  Jingping Liu,et al.  Experimental and computational study on the effects of injection timing on thermodynamics, combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas (NG)-diesel dual fuel engine at low speed and low load , 2018 .

[73]  S. Verhelst,et al.  Emulsification of animal fats and vegetable oils for their use as a diesel engine fuel: An overview , 2015 .

[74]  Adebisi A. Okeleye,et al.  Mathematical modeling and process parameters optimization studies by artificial neural network and response surface methodology: A case of non-edible neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil biodiesel synthesis , 2014 .

[75]  Anthony Paul Roskilly,et al.  Experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with ethanol–diesel blends , 2009 .

[76]  İlker Örs,et al.  Experimental investigation of impact of addition of bioethanol in different biodiesels, on performance, combustion and emission characteristics , 2017, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.

[77]  Libing Wang,et al.  Kernel characteristics, oil contents, fatty acid compositions and biodiesel properties in developing Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seeds , 2016 .

[78]  K. Varatharajan,et al.  Effect of aromatic amine antioxidants on NOx emissions from a soybean biodiesel powered DI diesel engine , 2013 .

[79]  Ali Kahraman,et al.  Effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on the performance and exhaust emissions of a vehicle / Bir Taşıtın Performans ve Egzoz Emisyonları Üzerine Pamuk Yağı Metil Esterinin Etkisi , 2013 .

[80]  Hua Chen,et al.  Performance and combustion characteristics of biodiesel-diesel-methanol blend fuelled engine , 2010 .

[81]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  Impacts of biodiesel combustion on NOx emissions and their reduction approaches , 2013 .

[82]  Pramod S. Mehta,et al.  Biodiesel NOx penalty and control measures - a review , 2016 .

[83]  Wang Jian-xin,et al.  Study on combustion characteristics and PM emission of diesel engines using ester–ethanol–diesel blended fuels , 2007 .

[84]  W. Vetter,et al.  Various concentrations of erucic acid in mustard oil and mustard. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[85]  Lizhong Shen,et al.  Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled with Ethanol-Diesel Blends in Different Altitude Regions , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation.

[86]  Alpaslan Atmanli.  Comparative analyses of diesel–waste oil biodiesel and propanol, n-butanol or 1-pentanol blends in a diesel engine , 2016 .