Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications

1 Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat zu Koln, 50937 Koln, Germany as@thp.uni-koeln.de 2 Interdisziplinares Zentrum fur komplexe Systeme, 53117 Bonn, Germany 3 Institute for Building Material Technology and Fire Safety Science, University of Wuppertal, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany 4 TraffGo HT GmbH, Bismarckstr. 142 , 47057 Duisburg, Germany 5 PTV AG, Stumpfstr. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 6 Julich Supercomputing Centre, Research Centre Julich, 52425 Julich, Germany

[1]  B. Derrida AN EXACTLY SOLUBLE NON-EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM : THE ASYMMETRIC SIMPLE EXCLUSION PROCESS , 1998 .

[2]  B. D. Hankin,et al.  Passenger Flow in Subways , 1958 .

[3]  E. Quarantelli Images of Withdrawal Behavior in Disasters: Some Basic Misconceptions , 1960 .

[4]  Bastien Chopard,et al.  Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical Systems: Index , 1998 .

[5]  Armin Seyfried,et al.  How reliable are commercial software-tools for evacuation calculation? , 2007 .

[6]  T. Nagatani,et al.  Jamming transition of pedestrian traffic at a crossing with open boundaries , 2000 .

[7]  Boris Pushkarev,et al.  CAPACITY OF WALKWAYS , 1975 .

[8]  Håkan Frantzich,et al.  Study of movement on stairs during evacuation using video analysing techniques , 1996 .

[9]  T. J. Shields,et al.  Analysis and modelling of the unannounced evacuation of a large retail store , 1999 .

[10]  A. Schadschneider,et al.  Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two dimensional cellular automaton , 2001 .

[11]  M. Rex,et al.  Lane formation in oppositely charged colloids driven by an electric field: chaining and two-dimensional crystallization. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[12]  E. Ben-Jacob From snowflake formation to growth of bacterial colonies II: Cooperative formation of complex colonial patterns , 1997 .

[13]  Fan Weicheng,et al.  Simulation of bi-direction pedestrian movement using a cellular automata model , 2003 .

[14]  Tobias Kretz,et al.  Pedestrian Traffic - Simulation and Experiments , 2007 .

[15]  Andreas Schadschneider,et al.  Simulation of evacuation processes using a bionics-inspired cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics , 2002 .

[16]  Katsuya Yamori Going with the flow : Micro-macro dynamics in the macrobehavioral patterns of pedestrian crowds , 1998 .

[17]  Armin Seyfried,et al.  Capacity Estimation for Emergency Exits and Bottlenecks , 2007 .

[18]  E. L. Quarantelli,et al.  Panic, Sociology of , 2001 .

[19]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Walker Behaviour Modelling by Differential Games , 2003 .

[20]  Yoshihiro Ishibashi,et al.  Self-Organized Phase Transitions in Cellular Automaton Models for Pedestrians , 1999 .

[21]  T. Nagatani,et al.  Jamming transition in two-dimensional pedestrian traffic , 2000 .

[22]  Ezel Kendik Determination of the evacuation time pertinent to the projected area factor in the event of total evacuation of high-rise office buildings via Staircases , 1983 .

[23]  Lubos Buzna,et al.  Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics: Experiments, Simulations, and Design Solutions , 2005, Transp. Sci..

[24]  Katsuhiro Nishinari,et al.  New Approach for Pedestrian Dynamics by Real-Coded Cellular Automata (RCA) , 2006, ACRI.

[25]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Simulation of pedestrian flows by optimal control and differential games , 2003 .

[26]  K. Lewin Field theory in social science , 1951 .

[27]  Claire Marrison,et al.  Effects of Motivation and Cabin Configuration on Emergency Aircraft Evacuation Behavior and Rates of Egress , 1996 .

[28]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Simulating dynamical features of escape panic , 2000, Nature.

[29]  S. Maniccam,et al.  Effects of back step and update rule on congestion of mobile objects , 2005 .

[30]  J. Zupan,et al.  Minimum Stair Width for Evacuation, Overtaking Movement and Counterflow — Technical Bases and Suggestions for the Past, Present and Future , 2007 .

[31]  Taras I. Lakoba,et al.  Modifications of the Helbing-Molnár-Farkas-Vicsek Social Force Model for Pedestrian Evolution , 2005, Simul..

[32]  John J. Fruin,et al.  Pedestrian planning and design , 1971 .

[33]  M. Schreckenberg,et al.  Experimental study of pedestrian flow through a bottleneck , 2006, physics/0610077.

[34]  Takashi Nagatani,et al.  Jamming transition in counter flow of slender particles on square lattice , 2006 .

[35]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Upstairs Walking Speed Distributions on a Long Stairway , 2008 .

[36]  William H. K. Lam,et al.  A generalised function for modeling bi-directional flow effects on indoor walkways in Hong Kong , 2003 .

[37]  W Daamen MODELLING PEDESTRIANS IN TRANSFER STATIONS , 1999 .

[38]  A. Mawson Understanding Mass Panic and Other Collective Responses to Threat and Disaster , 2005, Psychiatry.

[39]  S. Zaleski,et al.  Lattice-gas models of phase separation: interfaces, phase transitions, and multiphase flow , 1994 .

[40]  Nick Tyler,et al.  An explicit study on walking speeds of pedestrians on stairs , 2004 .

[41]  V. Popkov,et al.  Steady-state selection in driven diffusive systems with open boundaries , 1999, cond-mat/0002242.

[42]  Winnie Daamen,et al.  Modelling passenger flows in public transport facilities , 2004 .

[43]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  AASK — aircraft accident statistics and knowledge: a database of human experience in evacuation, derived from aviation accident reports , 1998, The Aeronautical Journal (1968).

[44]  T. Nagatani,et al.  Clogging transition of pedestrian flow in T-shaped channel , 2002 .

[45]  Akihiro Nakayama,et al.  Instability of pedestrian flow and phase structure in a two-dimensional optimal velocity model. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[46]  R. J. Wheeler,et al.  PEDESTRIAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS , 1969 .

[47]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks , 2005, Transp. Sci..

[48]  N. Smelser Theory Of Collective Behavior , 1963 .

[49]  Yoshihiro Ishibashi,et al.  Jamming Transition in Cellular Automaton Models for Pedestrians on Passageway , 1999 .

[50]  Gunnar G. Løvås,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow , 1994 .

[51]  Hiroshi Tsukaguchi,et al.  A new method for evaluation of level of service in pedestrian facilities , 1987 .

[52]  Takashi Nagatani,et al.  Evacuation of crawlers and walkers from corridor through an exit , 2006 .

[53]  Andreas Schadschneider,et al.  Friction effects and clogging in a cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[54]  Katsuhiro Nishinari,et al.  Simulation for pedestrian dynamics by real-coded cellular automata (RCA) , 2007 .

[55]  Ansgar Kirchner,et al.  Modellierung und statistische Physik biologischer und sozialer Systeme , 2002 .

[56]  Bastien Chopard,et al.  A Multiparticle Lattice Gas Automata Model for a Crowd , 2002, ACRI.

[57]  J Dzubiella,et al.  Reentrance effect in the lane formation of driven colloids. , 2004, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[58]  Erica D. Kuligowski,et al.  Review of Building Evacuation Models , 2005 .

[59]  T. Nagatani,et al.  Jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow , 1999 .

[60]  Victor J. Blue,et al.  Cellular Automata Microsimulation of Bidirectional Pedestrian Flows , 1999 .

[61]  Armin Seyfried,et al.  Prediction Accuracy of Evacuation Times for High-rise Buildings and Simple Geometries by Using Different Software-tools , 2009 .

[62]  Abishai Polus,et al.  Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service , 1983 .

[63]  Wilhelm Leutzbach,et al.  Introduction to the Theory of Traffic Flow , 1987 .

[64]  Y. Pomeau,et al.  Lattice-gas automata for the Navier-Stokes equation. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[65]  Hubert Ludwig Kluepfel,et al.  A Cellular automaton model for crowd movement and egress simulation , 2003 .

[66]  A. Seyfried,et al.  Basics of Modelling the Pedestrian Flow , 2005, physics/0506189.

[67]  A. Schadschneider,et al.  Statistical physics of vehicular traffic and some related systems , 2000, cond-mat/0007053.

[68]  G. W. H. Silcock,et al.  Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capabilities of Disabled People Moving Horizontally and on an Incline , 1999 .

[69]  Mark R Virkler,et al.  PEDESTRIAN DENSITY CHARACTERISTICS AND SHOCKWAVES , 1994 .

[70]  N. R. Johnson Panic at “The Who Concert Stampede”: An Empirical Assessment , 1987 .

[71]  B. Kerner THE PHYSICS OF TRAFFIC , 1999 .

[72]  James A. Milke,et al.  A Performance-based Egress Analysis of a Hotel Building using Two Models , 2005 .

[73]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Two lane traffic simulations using cellular automata , 1995, cond-mat/9512119.

[74]  L. F. Henderson,et al.  The Statistics of Crowd Fluids , 1971, Nature.

[75]  Edwin R. Galea Simulating evacuation and circulation in planes, trains, buildings and ships using the EXODUS software , 2002 .

[76]  T Fujiyama Collision avoidance of pedestrians on stairs , 2006 .

[77]  D. Helbing,et al.  Crowd turbulence: the physics of crowd disasters , 2007, 0708.3339.

[78]  Caesar Saloma,et al.  Herding in Real Escape Panic , 2007 .

[79]  P G Gipps,et al.  A micro simulation model for pedestrian flows , 1985 .

[80]  Henry Weckman,et al.  Evacuation of a theatre: exercise vs calculations , 1999 .

[81]  E. L. Quarantelli,et al.  The Sociology Of Panic , 2001 .

[82]  Hubert Klüpfel,et al.  The Simulation of Crowds at Very Large Events , 2007 .

[83]  M Galbreath Time of evacuation by Stairs in High Buildings , 1969 .

[84]  J. Zittartz,et al.  Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Applications , 2001, cond-mat/0112119.

[85]  Vicsek,et al.  Freezing by heating in a driven mesoscopic system , 1999, Physical review letters.

[86]  N. Hadjikhani,et al.  Fear fosters flight: a mechanism for fear contagion when perceiving emotion expressed by a whole body. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[87]  D. Helbing Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems , 2000, cond-mat/0012229.

[88]  E. W. Marchant,et al.  Simulex; Developing New Computer Modelling Techniques For Evaluation , 1994 .

[89]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Empirical data on an evacuation exercise in a movie theater , 2001 .

[90]  Shigeyuki Okazaki,et al.  A study of simulation model for pedestrian movement with evacuation and queuing , 1993 .

[91]  H. Löwen,et al.  Lane formation in colloidal mixtures driven by an external field. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[92]  Middleton,et al.  Self-organization and a dynamical transition in traffic-flow models. , 1992, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[93]  R. A. Blythe,et al.  Nonequilibrium steady states of matrix-product form: a solver's guide , 2007, 0706.1678.

[94]  Evacuation Dynamics,et al.  Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2005 , 2007 .

[95]  A. Schadschneider,et al.  Discretization effects and the influence of walking speed in cellular automata models for pedestrian dynamics , 2004 .

[96]  M. Schreckenberg,et al.  Experimental study of pedestrian counterflow in a corridor , 2006, cond-mat/0609691.

[97]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Microscopic Simulation of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships , 2000, ACRI.

[98]  D. A Purser,et al.  Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations , 2001 .

[99]  Ulrich Weidmann,et al.  Transporttechnik der Fussgänger: Transporttechnische Eigenschaften des Fussgängerverkehrs, Literaturauswertung , 1992 .

[100]  A. Seyfried,et al.  The fundamental diagram of pedestrian movement revisited , 2005, physics/0506170.

[101]  Helbing,et al.  Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[102]  A. Schadschneider Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Theory , 2001, cond-mat/0112117.

[103]  Kristin Hoskin,et al.  Fire Protection and Evacuation Procedures of Stadia Venues in New Zealand , 2004 .

[104]  Ezel Kendik,et al.  Designing escape routes in buildings , 1986 .

[105]  A. K. Singh,et al.  Cyclone and Storm Surge, Pedestrian Evacuation and Emergency Response in India , 2007 .

[106]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics , 2002 .

[107]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic , 1992 .

[108]  S. Maniccam,et al.  Traffic jamming on hexagonal lattice , 2003 .

[109]  James M. Keller,et al.  Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata: Inviscid two-dimensional lattice-gas hydrodynamics , 1997 .

[110]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Dynamics of crowd disasters: an empirical study. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[111]  L. F. Henderson On the fluid mechanics of human crowd motion , 1974 .

[112]  T. Vicsek,et al.  Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations , 2002 .

[113]  Roger L. Hughes,et al.  A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians , 2002 .

[114]  Cjh Cees Midden,et al.  Complex evacuation; effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium , 1999 .

[115]  Roger L. Hughes,et al.  The flow of large crowds of pedestrians , 2000 .

[116]  A. Mintz,et al.  Non-adaptive group behavior. , 1951, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[117]  Nick Tyler,et al.  Pedestrian Speeds on Stairs - An Initial Step for a Simulation Model - , 2004 .

[118]  Dirk Helbing A Fluid-Dynamic Model for the Movement of Pedestrians , 1992, Complex Syst..

[119]  Li Jian,et al.  Simulation of bi-direction pedestrian movement in corridor , 2005 .

[120]  Michael Schultz,et al.  A discrete microscopic model for pedestrian dynamics to manage emergency situations in airport terminals , 2007 .