The ICF and dementia.

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework for describing and classifying an individual's health and health-related states. The purpose of this article is to discuss the relevance of the ICF to cognitive-communication disorders of dementia, in particular those of Alzheimer disease. These disorders are described according to the Functioning and Disability, and the Contextual Factors parts of the ICF, with a focus on assessment, coding and classification, intervention, and outcome measurement.

[1]  T. Hopper,et al.  Evidence-based practice recommendations for working with individuals with dementia: group reminiscence therapy , 2006 .

[2]  M. Bourgeois,et al.  Communication treatment for adults with dementia. , 1991, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[3]  L. Burgio,et al.  Modifying repetitive verbalizations of community-dwelling patients with AD. , 1997, The Gerontologist.

[4]  S Minoshima,et al.  Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies , 2005, Neurology.

[5]  Maryellen C. MacDonald,et al.  Sentence Comprehension Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparison of Off-Line vs. On-Line Sentence Processing , 1998, Brain and Language.

[6]  D. Bennett,et al.  Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. , 2003, Archives of neurology.

[7]  C. Camp,et al.  Using spaced Retrieval as an intervention during speech-language therapy , 1998 .

[8]  D. Kempler,et al.  Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer's disease. , 1987, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[9]  R. Lubinski.  State-of-the-art perspectives on communication in nursing homes , 1995 .

[10]  Alfred W. Kaszniak,et al.  Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia , 1987 .

[11]  L. W. Clark.  Interventions for persons with Alzheimer's disease: Strategies for maintaining and enhancing communicative success , 1995 .

[12]  Y. Joanette,et al.  Analysis of Conversational Topic Shifts: A Multiple Case Study , 1997, Brain and Language.

[13]  S. Folstein,et al.  "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. , 1975, Journal of psychiatric research.

[14]  M. Maclean,et al.  Application of the communication enhancement model for long-term care residents with Alzheimer's disease. , 1995 .

[15]  Eva Kahana,et al.  Predictors of Attitudes toward Three Target Groups of Elderly Persons , 1996, Journal of aging and health.

[16]  J. Cummings,et al.  Alzheimer's disease , 1998, Neurology.

[17]  S. Gauthier,et al.  Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer's disease: the disability assessment for dementia. , 1999, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[18]  M. Dubois,et al.  The Incidence of Vascular Dementia in Canada: A Comparison with Europe and East Asia , 2001, Neuroepidemiology.

[19]  3MS normative data for the elderly. , 2002 .

[20]  Jeffrey L. Cummings,et al.  The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease , 1996, Neurology.

[21]  H. Braak,et al.  Staging of Alzheimer-related cortical destruction. , 1997, International psychogeriatrics.

[22]  Romola S. Bucks,et al.  Analysis of spontaneous, conversational speech in dementia of Alzheimer type: Evaluation of an objective technique for analysing lexical performance , 2000 .

[23]  K. Buckwalter,et al.  Progressively lowered stress threshold: a conceptual model for care of adults with Alzheimer's disease. , 1987, Archives of psychiatric nursing.

[24]  Joseph B. Orange,et al.  Conceptualizing communication enhancement in dementia for family caregivers using the WHO-ICF framework , 2005 .

[25]  Tamiko Azuma,et al.  Evidence-based practice recommendations for working with individuals with dementia: Computer-assisted cognitive interventions (CACIs) , 2005 .

[26]  D. N. Ripich,et al.  Patterns of discourse cohesion and coherence in Alzheimer's disease. , 1988, The Journal of speech and hearing disorders.

[27]  M. Bourgeois.  Functional Outcome Assessment of Adults with Dementia , 1998, Seminars in speech and language.

[28]  L. Worrall,et al.  Classifying communication disability using the ICF , 2004 .

[29]  M. Bourgeois,et al.  Effects of memory aids on conversations between nursing home residents with dementia and nursing assistants , 2001 .

[30]  Travis T. Threats,et al.  Access for persons with neurogenic communication disorders: Influences of Personal and Environmental Factors of the ICF , 2007 .

[31]  M. Bourgeois,et al.  Evaluating memory wallets in conversations with persons with dementia. , 1992, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[32]  J. Hodges.  Alzheimer's centennial legacy: origins, landmarks and the current status of knowledge concerning cognitive aspects. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[33]  S. Chapman,et al.  Evidence-based practice recommendations for dementia: educating caregivers on Alzheimer's disease and training communication strategies , 2007 .

[34]  T. Hopper,et al.  Evidence-based practice recommendations for working with individuals with dementia: Montessori-based interventions , 2006 .

[35]  Laura Fratiglioni,et al.  Worldwide Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia , 1999, Drugs & aging.

[36]  G. Gutman,et al.  Communication between individuals with dementia and their caregivers during activities of daily living , 2000 .

[37]  Carly R. Hellen.  Alzheimer's Disease: Activity-Focused Care , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[38]  J. Hodges,et al.  Reading in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A preserved ability? , 1994 .

[39]  S H Ferris,et al.  Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. , 1987, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[40]  J. Cummings.  Neuropsychiatric and behavioral alterations and their management in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease , 2005, Neurology.

[41]  H. Giles,et al.  Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly , 1986 .

[42]  J. Cohen-Mansfield.  Agitated Behaviors in the Elderly: II. Preliminary Results in the Cognitively Deteriorated , 1986, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.