Meta‐Analysis: A Valuable Tool in Conservation Research

Meta-analysis is the application of quantitative methods to the problem of comparing and combining results from separate but similar analytic studies. Despite its popularity in the social sciences and epidemiology, meta-analysis has remained virtually unknown in the conservation and ecology literature. Meta-analytic techniques allow comparison and summary of effect sizes across studies, and they also allow better control of type II errors. In many areas of research in conservation, the existence of a nonzero effect has been demonstrated to a degree that further research to measure the magnitude or the generality of that effect seems not only justified, but also necessary. For illustrative purposes, we have meta-analyzed five studies that report data on the effects of selective logging on density of birds. The combination of the effect sizes across studies reveals a negative effect of selective logging that was not apparent from the analysis of individual results. We argue that most of the limitations of the technique are also common to the traditional narrative literature review. Thus, the incompleteness of the literature review, the heterogeneity of the measured effects, and/or the effect that unpublished null results may have on the conclusions should not be deciding factors regarding the convenience of performing a meta-analysis. Meta-analysis can provide a quantitative summary of the available data that will be stronger evidence for politicians and decision makers than a mere qualitative description of the problem. El meta-analisis consiste en utilizar metodos cuantitativos para comparar y combinar resultados de varios estudios analiticos similares. A pesar de su popularidad en las ciencias sociales o en estudios epidemiologicos, el meta-analisis es virtualmente desconocido en la literatura referida a conservacion y ecologia. Las tecnicas meta-analiticas permiten la comparacion y combinacion de las magnitudes de un efecto dado que resultan de diferentes estudios, asi como tambien un mejor control de los errores de Tipo II. En muchas areas de conservacion, la existencia de un efecto ha sido demostrada al punto de que el estudio de su magnitud o generalidad no solo parece justificado, sino tambien necesario. Con propositos didacticos, hemos realizado un meta-analisis de cinco estudios que presentan datos sobre los efectos del talado selectivo en la densidad de aves de ciertas areas. La combinacion cuantitativa (meta-analisis) de dichos efectos indica un efecto negativo del talado selectivo. Dicho efecto negativo no era evidente en el analisis de los resultados individuales. Es nuestra opinion que la mayoria de las limitaciones de la tecnica que presentamos son comunes a la tradicional revision narrativa de la literatura. Por lo tanto, la dificultad de una busqueda exhaustiva, la heterogeneidad de los efectos medidos y/o el efecto que los resultados negativos no publicados pudieran tener sobre las conclusiones, no deberian ser factores decisivos en cuanto a la conveniencia de utilizar el meta-analisis. En conclusion, el meta-analisis puede proveer un resumen cuantitativo de los resultados disponibles que constituira una evidencia de mayor peso frente a politicos y administradores de recursos que la mera descripcion cualitativa del problema.

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