A Theoretical Framework for Projects

This chapter proposes a “theory of projects” by explaining how inputs (economic resources), processes (work), outputs (artefacts) and target outcomes (closely related to benefits) are connected. The ITO (Input-Transform-Outcome) model seeks to describe the mechanisms by which outcomes are generated from outputs and, as a by-product of that discussion, explain how the two concepts are distinguished. The ITO model is also used as the foundation for various elements of the project management framework covered elsewhere in the book.