Mountain Waves and Downslope Winds

In an effort to enhance the reader’s physical understanding, this chapter begins with a discussion of fundamental concepts including parcel oscillations in a stable atmosphere, wave propagation, and the fluid motions associated with vertically propagating internal gravity waves. This is followed by a brief review of the theory of small-amplitude mountain waves, beginning with the case of air flowing over a series of sinusoidal ridges in a basic state with uniform wind speed and stability. The linear theory is then extended to cover isolated mountains and situations with vertical variations in the basic-state wind speed and stability.

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