Salidroside protected against MPP+‐induced Parkinson's disease in PC12 cells by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of salidroside (SAL) on 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced PC12 cell model for Parkinson's disease. PC12 cells were pretreated with SAL in different concentrations and then exposed to MPP+. To evaluate the effects of SAL on cytotoxicity, the survival rate was tested by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the apoptosis was tested via flow cytometry and Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected to analyze the effects of SAL on oxidative stress. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory factors TNF‐α and IL‐1β were also determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Pretreatment with SAL effectively relieved the MPP+ cytotoxic effects and decreased the release of ROS production and inflammatory cytokines. SAL also inhibited apoptosis, suppressed MDA activity, and increased GSH levels in MPP+‐treated PC12 cells. Moreover, the expression levels of caspase‐9, caspase‐3, and Bax were significantly decreased in the SAL treatment groups compared with the MPP+ group, whereas Bcl‐2 expression was significantly increased in the SAL treatment groups. In summary, the overall results suggested that SAL have neuroprotective effects on the MPP+‐induced PC12 cell model by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. SAL may be a potential active product to protect against Parkinson's disease.

[1]  Feng Yan,et al.  Salidroside improves brain ischemic injury by activating PI3K/Akt pathway and reduces complications induced by delayed tPA treatment , 2018, European journal of pharmacology.

[2]  M. Nasr-Esfahani,et al.  Differential expression of miR-34a, miR-141, and miR-9 in MPP+-treated differentiated PC12 cells as a model of Parkinson's disease. , 2018, Gene.

[3]  K. Nie,et al.  TREM2 modulates microglia phenotypes in the neuroinflammation of Parkinson's disease. , 2018, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[4]  Na Li,et al.  Salidroside induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer SKOV3 and A2780 cells through the p53 signaling pathway. , 2018, Oncology letters.

[5]  E. Masliah,et al.  GDNF-expressing macrophages mitigate loss of dopamine neurons and improve Parkinsonian symptoms in MitoPark mice , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[6]  R. Hauser,et al.  Onset and duration of effect of extended-release carbidopa-levodopa in advanced Parkinson’s disease , 2018, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[7]  Feng Yan,et al.  Salidroside provides neuroprotection by modulating microglial polarization after cerebral ischemia , 2018, Journal of Neuroinflammation.

[8]  M. Ramkumar,et al.  Demethoxycurcumin, a Natural Derivative of Curcumin Abrogates Rotenone-induced Dopamine Depletion and Motor Deficits by Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Properties in Parkinsonian Rats , 2018, Pharmacognosy magazine.

[9]  Baoping Chen,et al.  Salidroside alleviates high glucose-induced oxidative stress and extracellular matrix accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells by the TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. , 2017, Chemico-biological interactions.

[10]  Jian Li,et al.  Salidroside attenuates endothelial cellular senescence via decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of SIRT3 , 2017, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[11]  L. Shu,et al.  Salidroside, A Natural Antioxidant, Improves β-Cell Survival and Function via Activating AMPK Pathway , 2017, Front. Pharmacol..

[12]  Chunying Yang,et al.  Resolvin D1 Attenuates Mpp+-Induced Parkinson Disease via Inhibiting Inflammation in PC12 Cells , 2017, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[13]  C. Ross,et al.  Synphilin-1 attenuates mutant LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease models. , 2016, Human molecular genetics.

[14]  Yangyang Fu,et al.  Salidroside exerts protective effects against chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via AMPKα1-dependent pathways. , 2016, American journal of translational research.

[15]  Jian Xiao,et al.  Fibroblast growth factor 1attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity: an in vitro and in vivo investigation in experimental models of parkinson's disease. , 2014, American journal of translational research.

[16]  Mal-Soon Shin,et al.  Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. , 2014, International journal of molecular medicine.

[17]  Yuan Yuan,et al.  Antioxidant effect of salidroside and its protective effect against furan-induced hepatocyte damage in mice. , 2013, Food & function.

[18]  Xiaofeng Li,et al.  Salidroside protects against MPP+-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by inhibiting the NO pathway , 2011, Brain Research.

[19]  Hui‐Ming Yu,et al.  Neuroprotective effects of salidroside against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells , 2010, Neurochemistry International.

[20]  E. Bézard,et al.  Protective Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols in the 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease Through Inhibition of ROS-NO Pathway , 2007, Biological Psychiatry.

[21]  B. Jiang,et al.  Neuroprotective effect of catalpol against MPP(+)-induced oxidative stress in mesencephalic neurons. , 2007, European journal of pharmacology.

[22]  C. A. Froelich,et al.  Heat shock prevents alpha-synuclein-induced apoptosis in a yeast model of Parkinson's disease. , 2005, Journal of molecular biology.

[23]  Hong Zhang,et al.  The effects and mechanism of estrogen on rats with Parkinson's disease in different age groups. , 2016, American journal of translational research.

[24]  R. Meuwissen,et al.  Inflammation in Parkinson's disease. , 2012, Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology.