Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.

In this paper, we consider the domain of executive functions (EFs) and their possible role in developmental psychopathologies. We first consider general theoretical and measurement issues involved in studying EFs and then review studies of EFs in four developmental psychopathologies: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), autism, and Tourette syndrome (TS). Our review reveals that EF deficits are consistently found in both ADHD and autism but not in CD (without ADHD) or in TS. Moreover, both the severity and profile of EF deficits appears to differ across ADHD and autism. Molar EF deficits are more severe in the latter than the former. In the few studies of more specific EF tasks, there are impairments in motor inhibition in ADHD but not in autism, whereas there are impairments in verbal working memory in autism but not ADHD. We close with a discussion of implications for future research.

[1]  B. Pennington,et al.  Intact and impaired memory functions in autism. , 1996, Child development.

[2]  J. Duncan,et al.  Intelligence and the Frontal Lobe: The Organization of Goal-Directed Behavior , 1996, Cognitive Psychology.

[3]  R. Pihl,et al.  Cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of physically aggressive boys. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[4]  Douglas Frye,et al.  Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning , 1995 .

[5]  N J Cox,et al.  Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. , 1995, American journal of human genetics.

[6]  J. Duncan,et al.  Fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions , 1995, Neuropsychologia.

[7]  Y. Samson,et al.  Delayed maturation of the frontal cortex in childhood autism. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[8]  R. Roberts,et al.  Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task. , 1994 .

[9]  David L. Strayer,et al.  Executive function abilities in autism and Tourette syndrome: an information processing approach. , 1994, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[10]  M. Kane,et al.  Premonitory Urges as "attentional Tics" in Tourette's Syndrome , 2022 .

[11]  M. Korkman,et al.  A Comparison of Neuropsychological Test Profiles of Children with Attention Deficit—Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Learning Disorder , 1994, Journal of learning disabilities.

[12]  S. Ozonoff,et al.  A longitudinal study of executive function and theory of mind development in autism , 1994, Development and Psychopathology.

[13]  Phil A. Silva,et al.  NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PREDICTING PERSISTENT MALE DELINQUENCY , 1994 .

[14]  A. Diamond,et al.  An animal model of early-treated PKU , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[15]  A. Caspi,et al.  Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. , 1994, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[16]  J. Russell,et al.  Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism , 1994, Neuropsychologia.

[17]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Neuropsychological characteristics of children with Tourette syndrome: evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? , 1994, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[18]  S. Baron-Cohen,et al.  Can children with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome edit their intentions? , 1994, Psychological Medicine.

[19]  J. Rapoport,et al.  Thyroid function and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1994, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[20]  C. Gillberg,et al.  AUTISTIC BEHAVIOUR AND ATTENTION DEFICITS IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS: A POPULATION‐BASED STUDY , 1994, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[21]  K. Marriage,et al.  Clinical and Research Implications of the Co-Occurrence of Asperger's and Tourette Syndromes , 1993, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[22]  M. Farah,et al.  A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[23]  M. Nelen,et al.  Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. , 1993, Science.

[24]  L. Siegel,et al.  Is the Continuous Performance Task a valuable research tool for use with children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder? , 1993, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[25]  T. Moffitt.  Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. , 1993, Psychological review.

[26]  G. Hynd,et al.  Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder and Asymmetry of the Caudate Nucleus , 1993, Journal of child neurology.

[27]  S. Faraone,et al.  Are perinatal complications relevant to the manifestation of ADD? Issues of comorbidity and familiality. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[28]  D. Cohen,et al.  An epidemiologic study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Israel. , 1993, Archives of general psychiatry.

[29]  K. Perrine,et al.  Differential aspects of conceptual processing in the Category Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. , 1993, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[30]  T. Goldberg,et al.  Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Relationship of tic severity to neuropsychological function. , 1993, Archives of neurology.

[31]  J. Swanson,et al.  Neuropsychological and Psychophyioslogical Differentiation of Inattention/Overactivty and Aggression/Defiance Symptom Groups , 1993 .

[32]  J. Sverd,et al.  Brief report: Cases for an association between Tourette syndrome, autistic disorder, and schizophrenia-like disorder , 1993, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[33]  C. Shepherd,et al.  A prevalence study of autism in tuberous sclerosis , 1993, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[34]  B. Pennington,et al.  Contrasting Cognitive Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder versus Reading Disability. , 1993 .

[35]  E. Chee,et al.  Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome , 1993, Neurology.

[36]  B. Peterson,et al.  Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three‐dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images , 1993, Neurology.

[37]  B. Pennington,et al.  Executive function and social communication deficits in young autistic children. , 1993, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[38]  B. Weintraub,et al.  Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in people with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  L. Burd,et al.  Tourette Syndrome and Learning Disabilities , 1992, Journal of learning disabilities.

[40]  S. Faraone,et al.  Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1992 .

[41]  B. Leventhal,et al.  Clonidine Treatment of Hyperactive and Impulsive Children with Autistic Disorder , 1992, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[42]  N. Minshew,et al.  Neuropsychological functioning in nonmentally retarded autistic individuals. , 1992, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[43]  Paul J. Eslinger,et al.  Long-term psychological consequences of childhood frontal lobe lesion in patient DT , 1992, Brain and Cognition.

[44]  C. Mateer,et al.  Developmental impact of frontal lobe injury in middle childhood , 1992, Brain and Cognition.

[45]  V. Douglas,et al.  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome , 1992, Brain and Cognition.

[46]  W. B. Marlowe.  The impact of a right prefrontal lesion on the developing brain , 1992, Brain and Cognition.

[47]  J. Benjamin,et al.  Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[48]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  A power primer. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[49]  K Kouris,et al.  Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities in Adults with Infantile Autism , 1992, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[50]  J. Bensch,et al.  Submandibular Duct Retroposition Reduces Drooling, but May Cause Caries in Lower Front Teeth , 1992, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[51]  J. Stevenson.  Evidence for a genetic etiology in hyperactivity in children , 1992, Behavior genetics.

[52]  R. Barkley,et al.  Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report , 1992, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[53]  K. Rowe,et al.  The relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement (Part A): methodological issues. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[54]  T M Hyde,et al.  Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins , 1992, Neurology.

[55]  B. Pennington,et al.  A twin study of the etiology of comorbidity: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[56]  P. Robins.  A comparison of behavioral and attentional functioning in children diagnosed as hyperactive or learning-disabled , 1992, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[57]  Gabriel Leonard,et al.  Frontal-lobe contribution to recency judgements , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[58]  F. Volkmar,et al.  Comorbid association of autism and schizophrenia. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[59]  B. Pennington,et al.  Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. , 1991, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[60]  H. Damasio,et al.  Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. , 1991, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[61]  R. Bornstein,et al.  Tourette syndrome and neuropsychological performance , 1991, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[62]  James A. Russell,et al.  The ‘windows task’ as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects , 1991 .

[63]  Bornstein Ra.  Neuropsychological performance in adults with Tourette's syndrome. , 1991 .

[64]  J. Sverd.  Tourette syndrome and autistic disorder: a significant relationship. , 1991, American journal of medical genetics.

[65]  R. Bornstein,et al.  Neuropsychological performance in medicated and unmedicated patients with Tourette's disorder. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[66]  C. Gillberg,et al.  Is Autism More Common Now than Ten Years Ago? , 1991, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[67]  D. Cohen,et al.  Basal ganglia research and Tourette's syndrome , 1991, Trends in Neurosciences.

[68]  A. Gedye.  Tourette syndrome attributed to frontal lobe dysfunction: numerous etiologies involved. , 1991, Journal of clinical psychology.

[69]  R. Dykman,et al.  Attention Deficit Disorder and Specific Reading Disability: Separate but Often Overlapping Disorders , 1991, Journal of learning disabilities.

[70]  C. McDougle,et al.  Fluvoxamine treatment of coincident autistic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report , 1990, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[71]  M. Prior,et al.  Brief report: Neuropsychological testing of autistic children through an exploration with frontal lobe tests , 1990, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[72]  B. Pennington,et al.  Neuropsychology of early-treated phenylketonuria: specific executive function deficits. , 1990, Child development.

[73]  B Jonas,et al.  Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance Based on Location and Size of Neuroanatomical Lesion in Vietnam Veterans with Penetrating Head Injury , 1990, Perceptual and motor skills.

[74]  Judith M. Rumsey,et al.  Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. , 1990 .

[75]  K. Gill,et al.  Frontal-lobe cognitive dysfunction in conduct disorder adolescents. , 1990, Journal of clinical psychology.

[76]  D. Comings,et al.  An epidemiologic study of Tourette's syndrome in a single school district. , 1990, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[77]  R. Dykman,et al.  The frequency and significance of additional self-reported psychiatric diagnoses in children with attention deficit disorder , 1990, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[78]  R. Barkley,et al.  The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. , 1990, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[79]  G. Logan,et al.  Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control in Normal Development and Childhood Psychopathology , 1990 .

[80]  G. Hynd,et al.  Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. , 1990, Archives of neurology.

[81]  W. Beatty,et al.  Performance of children with ADHD on tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[82]  R. Bornstein,et al.  Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette's syndrome , 1990, Psychiatry Research.

[83]  S. Faraone,et al.  Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[84]  J. Rumsey,et al.  Neuropsychological divergence of high-level autism and severe dyslexia , 1990, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[85]  G Pearlson,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[86]  M. Breen,et al.  Cognitive and behavioral differences in AdHD boys and girls. , 1989, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[87]  L. Siegel,et al.  The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children. , 1989, Child development.

[88]  E. Gorenstein,et al.  Performance of inattentive-overactive children on selected measures of prefrontal-type function. , 1989, Journal of clinical psychology.

[89]  S. Kuperman,et al.  Forebrain structure in infantile autism. , 1989, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[90]  D. Freed,et al.  Frontal-lobe dysfunction and antisocial behavior: a review. , 1989, Journal of clinical psychology.

[91]  T. Moffitt,et al.  Neuropsychological assessment of executive functions in self-reported delinquents , 1989, Development and Psychopathology.

[92]  D. Bolton,et al.  Deficit in cognitive shifting ability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder , 1989, Biological Psychiatry.

[93]  M H Boyle,et al.  Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. , 1989, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[94]  M. Robertson.  The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: the Current Status , 1989, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[95]  T. Moffitt,et al.  A comparison of 13-year-old boys with attention deficit and/or reading disorder on neuropsychological measures , 1989, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[96]  B. Trommer,et al.  The Go—No‐Go paradigm in attention deficit disorder , 1988, Annals of neurology.

[97]  M. Spence,et al.  Autism and genetics. A decade of research. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[98]  Phil A. Silva,et al.  Self-Reported Delinquency, neuropsychological deficit, and history of attention deficit disorder , 1988, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.

[99]  B Horwitz,et al.  The cerebral metabolic landscape in autism. Intercorrelations of regional glucose utilization. , 1988, Archives of neurology.

[100]  I M Smith,et al.  First report of a Canadian epidemiological study of autistic syndromes. , 1988, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[101]  A. D. Curley,et al.  Behavior disorder and attention deficits in boys with Tourette syndrome. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[102]  E. Courchesne,et al.  Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[103]  D. Share,et al.  Attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity and academic failure: which comes first and what should be treated? , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[104]  J. Rumsey,et al.  Neuropsychological findings in high-functioning men with infantile autism, residual state. , 1988, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[105]  R. Oades.  Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH): The contribution of catecholaminergic activity , 1987, Progress in Neurobiology.

[106]  D. Comings,et al.  A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. , 1987, American journal of human genetics.

[107]  P S Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function. , 1987, Child development.

[108]  D. Schacter.  Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction , 1987, Psychobiology.

[109]  R. Asarnow,et al.  A comparison of cognitive/neuropsychological impairments of nonretarded autistic and schizophrenic children , 1987, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[110]  D. Cohen,et al.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Evidence supporting a genetic relationship. , 1986, Archives of general psychiatry.

[111]  R. Hagerman,et al.  Autism, mental retardation, and chromosomal abnormalities , 1986, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[112]  J. Leckman,et al.  The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[113]  W. Fisher,et al.  Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in North Dakota adults. , 1986, The American journal of psychiatry.

[114]  D. Walker,et al.  The Emergence of Attention Deficits in Early Childhood: A Prospective Study , 1985, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[115]  S. Tipper.  The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[116]  S. Mannuzza,et al.  Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. , 1985, Archives of general psychiatry.

[117]  K. Kidd,et al.  A twin study of Tourette syndrome. , 1985, Archives of general psychiatry.

[118]  T. Kemper,et al.  Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism , 1985, Neurology.

[119]  F. Volkmar,et al.  Computed tomographic brain scanning in four neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. , 1985, American Journal of Psychiatry.

[120]  C. Gillberg,et al.  CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES IN INFANTILE AUTISM AND OTHER CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSES: A POPULATION STUDY OF 66 CASES , 1985, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[121]  J. Rumsey.  Conceptual problem-solving in highly verbal, nonretarded autistic men , 1985, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[122]  R. Nass,et al.  Brief report: Regional cerebral blood flow in autism , 1984, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[123]  J. G. Steel,et al.  Neuropsychiatric testing in an autistic mathematical idiot-savant: evidence for nonverbal abstract capacity. , 1984, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[124]  H. Buchtel,et al.  Comparison of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Halstead Category Test. , 1984, Journal of clinical psychology.

[125]  L. Henriksen,et al.  Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. , 1984, Archives of neurology.

[126]  F. Volkmar,et al.  Fragile X in a survey of 75 autistic males. , 1984, The New England journal of medicine.

[127]  S. Mednick,et al.  Genetic influences in criminal convictions: evidence from an adoption cohort. , 1984, Science.

[128]  G. Logan,et al.  On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[129]  E. Ornitz,et al.  Autistic children who become schizophrenic. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[130]  G. S. Golden,et al.  Psychologic and neuropsychologic aspects of Tourette's syndrome. , 1984, Neurologic clinics.

[131]  R. Hagerman,et al.  Autism and the Fragile X Syndrome , 1983, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[132]  R. Gersten.  Stimulus overselectivity in autistic, trainable mentally retarded, and non-handicapped children: Comparative research controlling chronological (rather than mental) age , 1983, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[133]  B. Milner,et al.  Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man , 1982, Neuropsychologia.

[134]  C. Robert Cloninger,et al.  Predisposition to petty criminality in Swedish adoptees. II. Cross-fostering analysis of gene-environment interaction. , 1982, Archives of general psychiatry.

[135]  J. Griffin,et al.  Infantile autism and the temporal lobe of the brain , 1981, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[136]  S. Bailey,et al.  Stimulus overselectivity in learning disabled children. , 1981, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[137]  G. August,et al.  The Incidence of Cognitive Disabilities in the Siblings of Autistic Children , 1981, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[138]  J. Mattes.  The role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis. , 1980, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[139]  R. Gersten.  In Search of the Cognitive Deficit in Autism: Beyond the Stimulus Overselectivity Model , 1980 .

[140]  L. Schreibman,et al.  Stimulus overselectivity in autism: a review of research. , 1979, Psychological bulletin.

[141]  G. Weiss,et al.  Cognitive style in adults originally diagnosed as hyperactives. , 1979, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[142]  T. Allen,et al.  An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children. , 1978, Psychological bulletin.

[143]  Brenda Milner,et al.  Design fluency: The invention of nonsense drawings after focal cortical lesions , 1977, Neuropsychologia.

[144]  L. Schreibman,et al.  Teaching autistic children to respond to simultaneous multiple cues. , 1977, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[145]  H. Nelson.  A Modified Card Sorting Test Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Defects , 1976, Cortex.

[146]  O. I. Lovaas,et al.  Stimulus overselectivity: a common feature in autism and mental retardation. , 1976, American journal of mental deficiency.

[147]  L. Willerman.  Activity level and hyperactivity in twins. , 1973, Child development.

[148]  L. Schreibman,et al.  Overselective response to social stimuli by autistic children , 1973, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[149]  G. Weiss,et al.  Cognitive styles in adolescents previously diagnosed as hyperactive. , 1972, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[150]  U. Frith.  Cognitive mechanisms in autism: Experiments with color and tone sequence production , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[151]  L. Schreibman,et al.  Stimulus overselectivity of autistic children in a two stimulus situation. , 1971, Behaviour research and therapy.

[152]  R. Reitan.  Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage , 1958 .

[153]  D. Hebb.  MAN'S FRONTAL LOBES: A CRITICAL REVIEW , 1945 .

[154]  R. Norman.  THALAMIC DEGENERATION FOLLOWING BILATERAL PREMOTOR FRONTAL LOBE ATROPHY OF THE STRÜMPELL TYPE , 1945, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[155]  K. Goldstein.  The Mental Changes Due to Frontal Lobe Damage , 1944 .

[156]  D. Hebb.  Intelligence in Man after Large Removals of Cerebral Tissue: Report of Four Left Frontal Lobe Cases , 1939 .

[157]  R. Barkley.  Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[158]  T. Grandin.  How people with autism think , 1995 .

[159]  W. Grant Willis,et al.  Executive functions in school‐aged children: Potential efficacy of tasks in discriminating clinical groups , 1994 .

[160]  D. Cohen,et al.  Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome. , 1994, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[161]  Keith Owen Yeates,et al.  Attention deficit disorder and neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette's syndrome. , 1994 .

[162]  G. Logan,et al.  Inhibitory Control, Impulsiveness, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 2022 .

[163]  Terrie E. Moffitt,et al.  The neuropsychology of conduct disorder , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[164]  H. Quay.  The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder: A theoretical perspective , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[165]  Benjamin B. Lahey,et al.  Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[166]  B. Pennington,et al.  Main effects or transactions in the neuropsychology of conduct disorder? Commentary on “The neuropsychology of conduct disorder” , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[167]  James A. Russell,et al.  Autistic children's difficulty with mental disengagement from an object: Its implications for theories of autism. , 1993 .

[168]  S. Woods,et al.  SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow in Tourette syndrome. , 1992, Advances in neurology.

[169]  S. Channon,et al.  Attentional deficits in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. , 1992 .

[170]  Bruun Rd,et al.  The natural history of Tourette syndrome , 1992 .

[171]  P. Herscovitch,et al.  Functional neuroanatomy of Tourette syndrome. Limbic-motor interactions studied with FDG PET. , 1992, Advances in neurology.

[172]  L. Burd,et al.  Epidemiology and comorbidity. The North Dakota prevalence studies of Tourette syndrome and other developmental disorders. , 1992, Advances in neurology.

[173]  J. Cohen,et al.  Context, cortex, and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. , 1992, Psychological review.

[174]  J. Naglieri,et al.  Performance of delinquent and nondelinquent males on planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive cognitive processing tasks. , 1992, Journal of clinical psychology.

[175]  W. McMahon,et al.  Tourette symptoms in 161 related family members. , 1992, Advances in neurology.

[176]  Ajw Vanderdoes,et al.  WHAT DETERMINES WISCONSIN CARD SORTING PERFORMANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA , 1992 .

[177]  N. Alessi,et al.  An open clinical trial of trazodone in aggressive children. , 1992, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[178]  R. Diamond,et al.  Frontal lobe functioning in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1992 .

[179]  J. Rapoport,et al.  Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 1992, Advances in neurology.

[180]  Bornstein Ra.  Neuropsychological correlates of obsessive characteristics in Tourette syndrome. , 1991 .

[181]  P. Eslinger,et al.  Frontal lobe damage in children and adults: A comparative review , 1991 .

[182]  S. Faraone,et al.  A family-genetic study of girls with DSM-III attention deficit disorder. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[183]  A. Benton.  Prefrontal injury and behavior in children , 1991 .

[184]  F. Volkmar.  The Child's World of Illness: The Development of Health and Illness Behaviour , 1991 .

[185]  J. Changeux,et al.  The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal network. , 1991, Cerebral cortex.

[186]  P. Szatmari,et al.  Asperger's syndrome and autism: neurocognitive aspects. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[187]  A. Bailey,et al.  Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders--II. Empirical findings. , 1990, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[188]  R. W. Jones,et al.  Behaviors analogous to frontal lobe dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1989 .

[189]  L. Henriksen,et al.  Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. , 1989, Archives of neurology.

[190]  Lorna Wing,et al.  The Continuum of Autistic Characteristics , 1988 .

[191]  Bruce F. Pennington,et al.  Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology , 1988 .

[192]  C. Lord,et al.  Neurobiological Implications of Sex Differences in Autism , 1987 .

[193]  Phil A. Silva,et al.  DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[194]  G. Chelune,et al.  Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder , 1986, Child psychiatry and human development.

[195]  T. Chase,et al.  Structural and functional studies of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. , 1986, Revue neurologique.

[196]  G. Lancioni,et al.  Stimulus overselectivity in TMR children: Establishing functional control of simultaneous multiple stimuli , 1985 .

[197]  L. Mansi,et al.  Gilles de la tourette syndrome: Studies with the fluorine‐18‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic method , 1984, Annals of neurology.

[198]  L. J. Chapman,et al.  The measurement of differential deficit. , 1978, Journal of psychiatric research.

[199]  J. Boucher.  Alternation and sequencing behaviour, and response to novelty in autistic children. , 1977, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[200]  B. Shaywitz,et al.  CSF monoamine metabolites in children with minimal brain dysfunction: evidence for alteration of brain dopamine. A preliminary report. , 1977, The Journal of pediatrics.

[201]  L. Kanner.  Autistic disturbances of affective contact. , 1968, Acta paedopsychiatrica.

[202]  K. Goldstein,et al.  A case of "idiot savant:" An experimental study of personality organization. , 1945 .