DDL for EFL beginners: A report on student gains and views on paper- based concordancing and the role of L1

This study measured student gains in overall second language profi ciency and in targeted vocabulary and grammar (noun and verb phrases) with preand posttests in a 20-week data-driven learning program using a parallel Japanese-English concordancer and bilingual corpus. Beginner level engineering students at a Japanese university followed a four-step methodology, working in pairs in class and individually for homework. Collected feedback from students on computerversus paper-based concordancing indicates a blending may be most effective. Student feedback on the role of the L1 in parallel concordancing indicates those using nonvetted computer-based concordancing rely most on the translation.