Uncertainty Visualization of Estimated Damage Using Kriging Model: Application to Time-Domain Reflectometry Sensing

We used a Kriging model to visualize the uncertainty of the estimated damage location from time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements. The damage can be clearly detected on the transmission line through the application of a 2D microstrip line differential circuit for TDR. The reflection voltages between the observed points are interpolated, and the uncertainty is obtained by Kriging. We integrated the estimation and uncertainty contour maps into a single figure for easier understanding and statistical quantification. We used the measured TDR data to investigate three types of visualization models for damage inspection: hue–saturation–intensity color, crack existence probability, and expected improvement. All three methods quantitatively visualize the estimated crack configuration with uncertainty in a single figure. By operating these visualization models depending on the inspector’s preferences, more appropriate crack estimation can be performed for wide-area fast scan-type inspections such as TDR. In particular, the latter two models can be directly used as an evaluation index for secondary inspection.

[1]  Donald R. Jones,et al.  Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions , 1998, J. Glob. Optim..

[2]  Ayo O. Abatan,et al.  Development of an electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR) distributed strain sensor , 2005 .

[3]  M H S Siqueira,et al.  The use of ultrasonic guided waves and wavelets analysis in pipe inspection. , 2004, Ultrasonics.

[4]  M. Furuta,et al.  A High-Speed, High-Sensitivity Digital CMOS Image Sensor With a Global Shutter and 12-bit Column-Parallel Cyclic A/D Converters , 2007, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[5]  A. Feller,et al.  Crosstalk and reflections in high-speed digital systems , 1965, AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I).

[6]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Self-sensing time domain reflectometry method for damage monitoring of a CFRP plate using a narrow-strip transmission line , 2014 .

[7]  Jinping Ou,et al.  Development of FBG Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Infrastructures , 2005 .

[8]  A. Todoroki,et al.  Wireless detection of internal delamination cracks in CFRP laminates using oscillating frequency changes , 2006 .

[9]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Self-Sensing Time Domain Reflectometry for Damage Detection of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plate , 2012 .

[10]  Humberto Varum,et al.  Optical FBG Sensors for Static Structural Health Monitoring , 2011 .

[11]  K. Teer,et al.  Bucket-brigade electronics: new possibilities for delay, time-axis conversion, and scanning , 1969 .

[12]  M. A. Verges,et al.  X-ray computed microtomography of internal damage in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites , 2005 .

[13]  Noel A Cressie,et al.  Spatial prediction and ordinary kriging , 1988 .

[14]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Time-synchronized wireless strain and damage measurements at multiple locations in CFRP laminate using oscillating frequency changes and spectral analysis , 2006 .

[15]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Damage Monitoring of CFRP Plate Using Self-Sensing TDR Method , 2012 .

[16]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Antenna/sensor multifunctional composites for the wireless detection of damage , 2009 .

[17]  Benjamin A. Graybeal,et al.  Routine Highway Bridge Inspection Condition Documentation Accuracy and Reliability , 2004 .

[18]  Farhad Ansari,et al.  Sensing issues in civil structural health monitoring , 2005 .

[19]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Self-Sensing Curved Micro-Strip Line Method for Damage Detection of CFRP Composites , 2014 .

[20]  N. Giaquinto,et al.  A New Method for Detecting Leaks in Underground Water Pipelines , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[21]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Crack visualization of metallic structures using time-domain reflectometry with two-dimensional microstrip lines , 2014 .

[22]  David Pommerenke,et al.  Crack detection of a full-scale reinforced concrete girder with a distributed cable sensor , 2005 .

[23]  R. J. Freemantle,et al.  Rapid phased array ultrasonic imaging of large area composite aerospace structures , 2005 .

[24]  John Forbes Olesen,et al.  Monitoring reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced cracking using non-destructive x-ray attenuation measurements , 2011 .

[25]  G. Heuvelink,et al.  A generic framework for spatial prediction of soil variables based on regression-kriging , 2004 .