A Biologically Inspired Spiking Neural Network for Sound Source Lateralization

In this paper, a binaural sound source lateralization spiking neural network (NN) will be presented which is inspired by most recent neurophysiological studies on the role of certain nuclei in the superior olivary complex (SOC) and the inferior colliculus (IC). The binaural sound source lateralization neural network (BiSoLaNN) is a spiking NN based on neural mechanisms, utilizing complex neural models, and attempting to simulate certain parts of nuclei of the auditory system in detail. The BiSoLaNN utilizes both excitatory and inhibitory ipsilateral and contralateral influences arrayed in only one delay line originating in the contralateral side to achieve a sharp azimuthal localization. It will be shown that the proposed model can be used both for purposes of understanding the mechanisms of an NN of the auditory system and for sound source lateralization tasks in technical applications, e.g., its use with the Darmstadt robotic head (DRH).

[1]  Alan F. Murray,et al.  Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) can ameliorate process variations in neuromorphic VLSI , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[2]  R. Batra,et al.  Sensitivity to interaural temporal disparities of low- and high-frequency neurons in the superior olivary complex. II. Coincidence detection. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  L A JEFFRESS,et al.  A place theory of sound localization. , 1948, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[4]  Malcolm Slaney,et al.  An Efficient Implementation of the Patterson-Holdsworth Auditory Filter Bank , 1997 .

[5]  Jürgen Adamy,et al.  A brain-like neural network for periodicity analysis , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[6]  Michael G. Paulin,et al.  Dynamics and the single spike , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[7]  Yehuda Albeck.  Sound localization and binaural processing , 1998 .

[8]  Eduardo Ros,et al.  Real-time computing platform for spiking neurons (RT-spike) , 2006, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[9]  D. Oliver.  Ascending efferent projections of the superior olivary complex , 2000, Microscopy research and technique.

[10]  Volker Willert,et al.  A Probabilistic Model for Binaural Sound Localization , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[11]  N. A. Bhadkamkar.  Binaural source localizer chip using subthreshold analog CMOS , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN'94).

[12]  W. Gerstner.  Integrate-and-Fire Neurons and Networks , 2002 .

[13]  J. Blauert.  Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization , 1983 .

[14]  Malcolm Slaney,et al.  Lyon's Cochlear Model , 1997 .

[15]  Volker Willert,et al.  Ein binaurales Richtungshörsystem für mobile Roboter in echoarmer Umgebung (A Binaural Sound Localization System for Mobile Robots in Low-reflecting Environments) , 2003 .

[16]  R. Batra,et al.  Sensitivity to interaural temporal disparities of low- and high-frequency neurons in the superior olivary complex. I. Heterogeneity of responses. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  Wulfram Gerstner,et al.  Hebbian learning of pulse timing in the Barn Owl auditory system , 1999 .

[18]  N. Bhadkamkar,et al.  A sound localization system based on biological analogy , 1993, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks.

[19]  T. Yin,et al.  Interaural time sensitivity in medial superior olive of cat. , 1990, Journal of neurophysiology.

[20]  Shigeyuki Kuwada,et al.  Transformations in processing interaural time differences between the superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus: beyond the Jeffress model , 2002, Hearing Research.

[21]  Shih-Chii Liu,et al.  Temporal coding in a silicon network of integrate-and-fire neurons , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[22]  Giacomo Indiveri,et al.  A VLSI array of low-power spiking neurons and bistable synapses with spike-timing dependent plasticity , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[23]  C. Lim,et al.  Estimating the azimuth and elevation of a sound source from the output of a cochlear model , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 28th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[24]  R. Duda,et al.  Combined monaural and binaural localization of sound sources , 1995, Conference Record of The Twenty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[25]  S.P. Mysore,et al.  Modeling structural plasticity in the barn owl auditory localization system with a spike-time dependent Hebbian learning rule , 2005, Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2005..

[26]  Keith D. Martin.  Estimating azimuth and elevation from interaural differences , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Accoustics.

[27]  Tom C. T. Yin,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Encoding Binaural Localization Cues in the Auditory Brainstem , 2002 .

[28]  R. Izak,et al.  Sound source localization with an integrate-and-fire neural system , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Microelectronics for Neural, Fuzzy and Bio-Inspired Systems.

[29]  Phill Rowcliffe,et al.  Spiking perceptrons , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[30]  R B Masterton,et al.  Central auditory system. , 1993, ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties.

[31]  R. Meddis,et al.  Implementation details of a computation model of the inner hair‐cell auditory‐nerve synapse , 1990 .

[32]  Leslie S. Smith,et al.  Robust sound onset detection using leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with depressing synapses , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[33]  L. Carney,et al.  A model for binaural response properties of inferior colliculus neurons. I. A model with interaural time difference-sensitive excitatory and inhibitory inputs. , 1998, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[34]  S A Shamma,et al.  Stereausis: binaural processing without neural delays. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.