Optimal behavior of responsive residential demand considering hybrid phase change materials

Due to communication and technology developments, residential consumers are enabled to participate in Demand Response Programs (DRPs), control their consumption and decrease their cost by using Household Energy Management (HEM) systems. On the other hand, capability of energy storage systems to improve the energy efficiency causes that employing Phase Change Materials (PCM) as thermal storage systems to be widely addressed in the building applications. In this paper, an operational model of HEM system considering the incorporation of more than one type of PCM in plastering mortars (hybrid PCM) is proposed not only to minimize the customer’s cost in different DRPs but also to guaranty the habitants’ satisfaction. Moreover, the proposed model ensures the technical and economic limits of batteries and electrical appliances. Different case studies indicate that implementation of hybrid PCM in the buildings can meaningfully affect the operational pattern of HEM systems in different DRPs. The results reveal that the customer’s electricity cost can be reduced up to 48% by utilizing the proposed model.

[1]  Mario A. Medina,et al.  Development of a thermally enhanced frame wall with phase‐change materials for on‐peak air conditioning demand reduction and energy savings in residential buildings , 2005 .

[2]  Robert F. Boehm,et al.  Modeling of phase change material peak load shifting , 2007 .

[3]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Demand Response as a Load Shaping Tool in an Intelligent Grid With Electric Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[4]  John J. J. Chen,et al.  Application of PCM underfloor heating in combination with PCM wallboards for space heating using price based control system , 2015 .

[5]  Lang Tong,et al.  Modeling and Stochastic Control for Home Energy Management , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[6]  Mihai Cruceru,et al.  Novel concept of composite phase change material wall system for year-round thermal energy savings , 2010 .

[7]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles and Demand Response With Customer Choice , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[8]  Sung-Yong Son,et al.  Optimization of Scheduling for Home Appliances in Conjunction with Renewable and Energy Storage Resources , 2013 .

[9]  Zhiqiang Zhai,et al.  Modeling phase change materials embedded in building enclosure: A review , 2013 .

[10]  Miguel Azenha.  Numerical simulation of the structural behaviour of concrete since its early ages , 2012 .

[11]  Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair,et al.  Impact of Energy Storage in Buildings on Electricity Demand Side Management , 2011, Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials.

[12]  J. L. Barroso de Aguiar,et al.  Latent heat storage in PCM containing mortars - study of microstructural modifications , 2013 .

[13]  D. Kirschen,et al.  Quantifying the Effect of Demand Response on Electricity Markets , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[14]  Iain MacGill,et al.  Coordinated Scheduling of Residential Distributed Energy Resources to Optimize Smart Home Energy Services , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[15]  Amy S. Fleischer,et al.  Energy Storage Applications , 2015 .

[16]  Miguel Azenha,et al.  THERMAL ENHANCEMENT OF PLASTERING MORTARS WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL APPROACH , 2012 .

[17]  Mohammed H. Albadi,et al.  A summary of demand response in electricity markets , 2008 .

[18]  Armin Dehnad,et al.  A Novel Model of Intelligent Electrical Load Management by Goal Programming for Smart Houses, Respecting Consumer Preferences , 2013 .

[19]  Zongjin Li,et al.  Paraffin/diatomite composite phase change material incorporated cement-based composite for thermal energy storage , 2013 .

[20]  António Tadeu,et al.  Mortars based in different binders with incorporation of phase-change materials: Physical and mechanical properties , 2015 .

[21]  Miguel Azenha,et al.  Experimental and numerical studies of hybrid PCM embedded in plastering mortar for enhanced thermal behaviour of buildings , 2016 .

[22]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: A review , 2011 .

[23]  Yue-Tzu Yang,et al.  Three-dimensional transient cooling simulations of a portable electronic device using PCM (phase change materials) in multi-fin heat sink , 2011 .

[24]  M. Pedrasa,et al.  Scheduling of Demand Side Resources Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  Haifeng Guo,et al.  A new kind of phase change material (PCM) for energy-storing wallboard , 2008 .

[26]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Hardware Demonstration of a Home Energy Management System for Demand Response Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[27]  M. P. Moghaddam,et al.  Demand response modeling considering Interruptible/Curtailable loads and capacity market programs , 2010 .

[28]  João Mariz Graça,et al.  Evolução do Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios (RCCTE): Caso de Estudo , 2006 .

[29]  Romeu Vicente,et al.  Brick masonry walls with PCM macrocapsules: An experimental approach , 2014 .

[30]  Paulo Santos,et al.  Review of passive PCM latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards buildings’ energy efficiency , 2013 .

[31]  S. C. Kaushik,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS BASED MICROENCAPSULATED TECHNOLOGY FOR BUILDINGS: A REVIEW , 2011 .

[32]  A. Abdel-azim.  Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2011 .

[33]  Miguel Azenha,et al.  Estimation of the specific enthalpy–temperature functions for plastering mortars containing hybrid mixes of phase change materials , 2014 .

[34]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[35]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  An Algorithm for Intelligent Home Energy Management and Demand Response Analysis , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[36]  C. Monteiro,et al.  Optimum residential load management strategy for real time pricing (RTP) demand response programs , 2012 .

[37]  Lingfeng Wang,et al.  Smart charging and appliance scheduling approaches to demand side management , 2014 .

[38]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  SCUC With Hourly Demand Response Considering Intertemporal Load Characteristics , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[39]  Shing-Chow Chan,et al.  Demand Response Optimization for Smart Home Scheduling Under Real-Time Pricing , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[40]  Dan Zhou,et al.  Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications , 2012 .

[41]  M. Abdollahzadeh,et al.  Enhancement of phase change material (PCM) based latent heat storage system with nano fluid and wavy surface , 2015 .

[42]  Miguel Azenha,et al.  Thermal behavior of cement based plastering mortar containing hybrid microencapsulated phase change materials , 2014 .

[43]  Na Zhu,et al.  Energy performance and optimal control of air-conditioned buildings with envelopes enhanced by phase change materials , 2011 .

[44]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications , 2012 .

[45]  Clark W Gellings,et al.  The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response , 2020 .

[46]  Per Heiselberg,et al.  Review of thermal energy storage technologies based on PCM application in buildings , 2013 .

[47]  Brent R. Young,et al.  Application of PCM Energy Storage in Combination with Night Ventilation for Space Cooling , 2015, Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials.

[48]  Zhi Chen,et al.  Real-Time Price-Based Demand Response Management for Residential Appliances via Stochastic Optimization and Robust Optimization , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[49]  Juan M. Morales,et al.  Real-Time Demand Response Model , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[50]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[51]  A.L.S. Chan,et al.  Energy and environmental performance of building façades integrated with phase change material in subtropical Hong Kong , 2011 .