Consensus and Information Cascades in Game-Theoretic Imitation Dynamics with Static and Dynamic Network Topologies

We construct a model of strategic imitation in an arbitrary network of players who interact through an additive game. Assuming a discrete time update, we show a condition under which the resulting difference equations converge to consensus. Two conjectures on general convergence are also discussed. We then consider the case where players not only may choose their strategies, but also affect their local topology. We show that for prisoner's dilemma, the graph structure converges to a set of disconnected cliques and strategic consensus occurs in each clique. Several examples from various matrix games are provided. A variation of the model is then used to create a simple model for the spreading of trends, or information cascades in (e.g., social) networks. We provide theoretical and empirical results on the trend-spreading model.

[1]  J.N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Convergence in Multiagent Coordination, Consensus, and Flocking , 2005, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[2]  Mario di Bernardo,et al.  Novel decentralized adaptive strategies for the synchronization of complex networks , 2009, Autom..

[3]  E. Ben-Naim Opinion dynamics: Rise and fall of political parties , 2004, cond-mat/0411427.

[4]  Herbert W. Hethcote,et al.  The Mathematics of Infectious Diseases , 2000, SIAM Rev..

[5]  M. Jackson,et al.  A Strategic Model of Social and Economic Networks , 1996 .

[6]  Sascha Kurz,et al.  On the Hegselmann–Krause conjecture in opinion dynamics , 2014, ArXiv.

[7]  Josef Hofbauer,et al.  Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics , 1998 .

[8]  L. Edelstein-Keshet Mathematical models of swarming and social aggregation , .

[9]  J. Toner,et al.  Flocks, herds, and schools: A quantitative theory of flocking , 1998, cond-mat/9804180.

[10]  D. M. V. Hesteren Evolutionary Game Theory , 2017 .

[11]  Gérard Weisbuch,et al.  Social opinion dynamics , 2006 .

[12]  Felipe Cucker,et al.  Emergent Behavior in Flocks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[13]  Islam I. Hussein,et al.  An individual-based evolutionary dynamics model for networked social behaviors , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[14]  Nicholas A. Christakis,et al.  Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior , 2011, Statistics in medicine.

[15]  Jörgen W. Weibull,et al.  Evolutionary Game Theory , 1996 .

[16]  Seung-Yeal Ha,et al.  A simple proof of the Cucker-Smale flocking dynamics and mean-field limit , 2009 .

[17]  Valerie Isham,et al.  Non‐Negative Matrices and Markov Chains , 1983 .

[18]  G. Toscani,et al.  Kinetic models of opinion formation , 2006 .

[19]  Alexey S. Matveev,et al.  Opinion Dynamics in Social Networks With Hostile Camps: Consensus vs. Polarization , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[20]  G. Weisbuch,et al.  Persuasion dynamics , 2004, cond-mat/0410200.

[21]  Pierre Degond,et al.  A Macroscopic Model for a System of Swarming Agents Using Curvature Control , 2010, 1010.5405.

[22]  Jason M. Fletcher,et al.  Is Obesity Contagious? Social Networks vs. Environmental Factors in the Obesity Epidemic , 2008, Journal of Health Economics.

[23]  S. Bikhchandani,et al.  You have printed the following article : A Theory of Fads , Fashion , Custom , and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades , 2007 .

[24]  Alle Leizarowitz,et al.  On infinite products of stochastic matrices , 1992 .

[25]  Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi,et al.  Consensus Over Ergodic Stationary Graph Processes , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[26]  Sébastien Motsch,et al.  Heterophilious Dynamics Enhances Consensus , 2013, SIAM Rev..

[27]  J. S. Jung Iterative approaches to common fixed points of nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces , 2005 .

[28]  Anna Cinzia Squicciarini,et al.  Constrained Social-Energy Minimization for Multi-Party Sharing in Online Social Networks , 2016, AAMAS.

[29]  John Gill,et al.  The use of the sequence F n (z) = f n f 1 (z) in computing fixed points of continued fractions, products, and series , 1991 .

[30]  Jeffrey T. Hancock,et al.  Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[31]  Reza Olfati-Saber,et al.  Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[32]  E. Seneta,et al.  Towards consensus: some convergence theorems on repeated averaging , 1977, Journal of Applied Probability.

[33]  Anna Cinzia Squicciarini,et al.  An evolutionary game model for the spread of non-cooperative behavior in online social networks , 2015, SAC.

[34]  F. Browder,et al.  FIXED-POINT THEOREMS FOR NONCOMPACT MAPPINGS IN HILBERT SPACE. , 1965, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  S. Banach Sur les opérations dans les ensembles abstraits et leur application aux équations intégrales , 1922 .

[36]  Jan Haskovec,et al.  Flocking dynamics and mean-field limit in the Cucker–Smale-type model with topological interactions , 2013, 1301.0925.

[37]  Fangfei Li,et al.  Convergence of Infinite Products of Stochastic Matrices: A Graphical Decomposition Criterion , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[38]  Christopher Griffin,et al.  Transition matrix model for evolutionary game dynamics. , 2016, Physical review. E.

[39]  R. F. Williams Composition of contractions , 1971 .

[40]  Pierre-Emmanuel Jabin,et al.  Clustering and asymptotic behavior in opinion formation , 2014 .

[41]  Jie Lin,et al.  Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[42]  I. Daubechies,et al.  Corrigendum/addendum to: Sets of matrices all infinite products of which converge , 2001 .

[43]  G. Parisi,et al.  Scale-free correlations in starling flocks , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[44]  M. Degroot Reaching a Consensus , 1974 .

[45]  H. Ohtsuki,et al.  The replicator equation on graphs. , 2006, Journal of theoretical biology.

[46]  Mario di Bernardo,et al.  Analysis and stability of consensus in networked control systems , 2010, Appl. Math. Comput..

[47]  A. Czirók,et al.  Collective Motion , 1999, physics/9902023.

[48]  F. Browder Convergence theorems for sequences of nonlinear operators in Banach spaces , 1967 .

[49]  Rainer Hegselmann,et al.  Opinion dynamics and bounded confidence: models, analysis and simulation , 2002, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[50]  Kamesh Munagala,et al.  Coevolutionary opinion formation games , 2013, STOC '13.

[51]  N. Christakis,et al.  The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[52]  M. McPherson,et al.  Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks , 2001 .

[53]  U. Krause A DISCRETE NONLINEAR AND NON–AUTONOMOUS MODEL OF CONSENSUS FORMATION , 2007 .

[54]  Jizhong Xiao,et al.  Swarming in homogeneous environments: a social interaction based framework. , 2010, Journal of theoretical biology.

[55]  Dario Madeo,et al.  Game Interactions and Dynamics on Networked Populations , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[56]  Ulrik Brandes,et al.  On Modularity Clustering , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[57]  Sam B. Nadler,et al.  SEQUENCES OF CONTRACTIVE MAPS AND FIXED POINTS , 1969 .

[58]  Jie Chen,et al.  Distributed Consensus of Second-Order Multi-Agent Systems With Heterogeneous Unknown Inertias and Control Gains Under a Directed Graph , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[59]  Radek Erban,et al.  A Cucker-Smale Model with Noise and Delay , 2015, SIAM J. Appl. Math..

[60]  Lisa Lorentzen,et al.  Compositions of contractions , 1990 .

[61]  Chai Wah Wu On some properties of contracting matrices , 2008 .

[62]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Quantitative Sociodynamics: Stochastic Methods and Models of Social Interaction Processes , 2010 .

[63]  Ruggero Carli,et al.  Communication constraints in the average consensus problem , 2008, Autom..

[64]  K. Schittkowski,et al.  NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING , 2022 .

[65]  Tsuyoshi Murata,et al.  {m , 1934, ACML.

[66]  Andres Pantoja,et al.  Distributed optimization using population dynamics with a local replicator equation , 2012, 2012 IEEE 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[67]  Heinz H. Bauschke The Approximation of Fixed Points of Compositions of Nonexpansive Mappings in Hilbert Space , 1996 .

[68]  N. Pullman,et al.  Infinite products of substochastic matrices. , 1966 .

[69]  Jan Lorenz,et al.  Continuous opinion dynamics of multidimensional allocation problems under bounded confidence: More dimensions lead to better chances for consensus , 2007, 0708.2923.

[70]  John N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  On Krause's Multi-Agent Consensus Model With State-Dependent Connectivity , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[71]  Felipe Cucker,et al.  On Flocks Under Switching Directed Interaction Topologies , 2019, SIAM J. Appl. Math..

[72]  M. Jackson A Survey of Models of Network Formation: Stability and Efficiency , 2003 .

[73]  Wei Li Stability Analysis of Swarms With General Topology , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[74]  W. Zachary,et al.  An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Groups , 1977, Journal of Anthropological Research.

[75]  Nicola Bellomo,et al.  On the dynamics of social conflicts: looking for the Black Swan , 2012, ArXiv.

[76]  I. Daubechies,et al.  Sets of Matrices All Infinite Products of Which Converge , 1992 .

[77]  H. Ohtsuki,et al.  Evolutionary stability on graphs. , 2008, Journal of theoretical biology.

[78]  Jacqui Musgrave,et al.  Ice Bucket Challenge , 2016 .

[79]  Sandro Zampieri,et al.  Randomized consensus algorithms over large scale networks , 2007, 2007 Information Theory and Applications Workshop.

[80]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  Local control strategies for groups of mobile autonomous agents , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[81]  D. J. Hartfiel On Infinite Products of Nonnegative Matrices , 1974 .

[82]  E. Tadmor,et al.  From particle to kinetic and hydrodynamic descriptions of flocking , 2008, 0806.2182.

[83]  Alexandre Seuret,et al.  Improved consensus algorithms using memory effects , 2011, IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference.

[84]  E. Devroe,et al.  Ice bucket challenge , 2014 .

[85]  Claudio Canuto,et al.  An Eulerian Approach to the Analysis of Krause's Consensus Models , 2012, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[86]  Victor M. Yakovenko,et al.  Statistical mechanics of money , 2000 .

[87]  Jinde Cao,et al.  Distributed Consensus of Stochastic Delayed Multi-agent Systems Under Asynchronous Switching , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[88]  Thomas M. Antonsen,et al.  Obstacle and predator avoidance in a model for flocking , 2009, 0906.3694.

[89]  Bahman Gharesifard,et al.  On the Convergence of Piecewise Linear Strategic Interaction Dynamics on Networks , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[90]  P. S. Krishnaprasad,et al.  Extremal collective behavior , 2010, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[91]  Adam D. I. Kramer,et al.  Detecting Emotional Contagion in Massive Social Networks , 2014, PloS one.

[92]  C. Hemelrijk,et al.  Self-Organized Shape and Frontal Density of Fish Schools , 2008 .

[93]  S. Fortunato,et al.  Statistical physics of social dynamics , 2007, 0710.3256.

[94]  P. Markowich,et al.  Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck equations modelling opinion formation in the presence of strong leaders , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[95]  B. Halpern Fixed points of nonexpanding maps , 1967 .

[96]  Zhihua Qu,et al.  Products of row stochastic matrices and their applications to cooperative control for autonomous mobile robots , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[97]  Sam B. Nadler,et al.  Sequences of contractions and fixed points , 1968 .

[98]  Jesús Rosado,et al.  Asymptotic Flocking Dynamics for the Kinetic Cucker-Smale Model , 2010, SIAM J. Math. Anal..

[99]  G. Parisi,et al.  Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[100]  Anne van den Nouweland,et al.  Strongly Stable Networks , 2002, Games Econ. Behav..