Architectural design tools: simulation, communication and negotiation

The professional roles and functions of architects are linked to the societal context in which they practice. Furthermore, this context has a relationship to the ways in which institutions, groups and individuals are involved in the design and construction of the built environment. This paper illustrates how the roles and functions of architects, other professionals, their clients and the general public have a bearing on the tools and methods used to simulate design projects. Traditionally, sketches, renderings and pattern books were used. Then they were supplemented by axonometric and perspective drawings, written and diagrammatic specifications, photographs and smallscale models. In recent decades mathematical models of diverse kinds, simulation gaming techniques, including smalland full-scale modelling kits, as well as computer-aided design and drafting systems have been used. This paper presents a brief typology of these tools and an overview of their characteristics. Finally, five principles are presented for the application of tools using an integrative approach.