Template synthesis of nanomaterials

We present an overview of template synthesis as it applies to our nanomaterials research. This bottom-up approach is motivated by our desire to find an alternative to the big, top-down approaches to nanoscience, such as clean-rooms and X-ray lithography. Using universally available templates and materials, and very modest synthesis techniques, we have created a variety of interesting and useful structures. Starting with homogeneous ferromagnetic nanowires, we were able to study and manipulate spin-dependent transport. Next, we branched into multi-layer GMR and spin-valve structures for spintronics. As a side trip, we put carbon-encapsulated fullerene nanoparticles into nanopores for ballistic magnetoresistance studies. Carbon nanotube molecules were grown in templates by CVD self assembly. The carbon nanotubes grown using a cobalt catalyzer show spin-valve, ballistic transport, and Coulomb blockade effects. Very recently, we have started to study templated semiconductor nanorods with the amazing result that their behaviour is very similar to that of the carbon nanotubes and can be reduced to a scaling law. Essentially, the template acts as a skeleton for the nanoscale synthesis and macroscale contact of an infinite variety of materials and structures. It is our hope that by the following examples we demonstrate that high quality nanoscience research is available to everybody.

[1]  C. Klinke,et al.  Spin-dependent magnetoresistance in multiwall carbon nanotubes , 2004 .

[2]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Spin-dependent thermopower in Co/Cu multilayer nanowires , 2004 .

[3]  L. Péter,et al.  Relevance of the potentiodynamic method in parameter selection for pulse-plating of Co-Cu/Cu multilayers , 2004 .

[4]  C. Cao,et al.  Growth and characterization of single-crystal ZnSe nanorods via surfactant soft-template method , 2004 .

[5]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges , 2004 .

[6]  L. Kong,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of well-aligned quantum silicon nanowires arrays , 2004 .

[7]  Jimmy Xu,et al.  Nanometric superlattices: non-lithographic fabrication, materials, and prospects , 2004 .

[8]  Wenhao Wu,et al.  In situ electrochemical fabrication of natural contacts on single nanowires , 2003, cond-mat/0310162.

[9]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  Fabrication of cobalt nanostructures with different shapes in alumina template , 2004 .

[10]  S. Seal,et al.  Synthesis of nanostructured materials using template-assisted electrodeposition , 2004 .

[11]  D. Beratan,et al.  Long-Range Charge Transfer in DNA II , 2004 .

[12]  Jijun Zhao,et al.  Electronic and photonic properties of doped carbon nanotubes. , 2003, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[13]  S. Michotte.  Standard manufacture and properties of arrays of Pb and Sn nanowires , 2003 .

[14]  Trong-Kha Truong,et al.  Spin-polarized current-induced magnetization reversal in single nanowires , 2003 .

[15]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[16]  P. Bartlett,et al.  Patterned magnetic media from self-assembly template methods , 2003 .

[17]  A. Galca,et al.  Structural and optical characterization of porous anodic aluminium oxide , 2003 .

[18]  S. Mátéfi-Tempfli,et al.  1D-transport properties of single superconducting lead nanowires , 2003 .

[19]  Dongsheng Xu,et al.  Electrodeposition of thin films and single-crystalline nanowires of Ag7Te4 , 2003 .

[20]  Meijuan Zhao,et al.  Room-temperature ultraviolet-emitting In2O3 nanowires , 2003 .

[21]  F. Caruso,et al.  Self-assembly and magnetism in core-shell microspheres. , 2003 .

[22]  R. Könenkamp,et al.  Vertical nanowire transistor in flexible polymer foil , 2003 .

[23]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Electrochemical Growth of Single-Crystal Metal Nanowires via a Two-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth Mechanism. , 2003, Nano letters.

[24]  Yongfa Zhu,et al.  An easy method to prepare nanowire , 2003 .

[25]  S. Mátéfi-Tempfli,et al.  Current-voltage characteristics of Pb and Sn granular superconducting nanowires , 2003 .

[26]  S. Ono,et al.  Evaluation of pore diameter of anodic porous films formed on aluminum , 2003 .

[27]  S. Kashyap,et al.  Effect of process parameters on GMR in electrodeposited Cu–Co nanogranular thin films , 2003 .

[28]  Joan M. Redwing,et al.  Growth characteristics of silicon nanowires synthesized by vapor–liquid–solid growth in nanoporous alumina templates , 2003 .

[29]  E. Tsymbal,et al.  Resonant inversion of tunneling magnetoresistance. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[30]  G. Han,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of anodic aluminum oxide template , 2003 .

[31]  Vortex matter in lead nanowires , 2003 .

[32]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Current-induced two-level fluctuations in pseudo-spin-valve (Co/Cu/Co) nanostructures. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[33]  E. Vallés,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour and physical properties of Cu/Co multilayers , 2003 .

[34]  S. Mátéfi-Tempfli,et al.  Investigation of superconducting properties of nanowires prepared by template synthesis , 2003 .

[35]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Magnetoresistance of nanocontacts with constrained magnetic domain walls , 2003 .

[36]  J. Park,et al.  Growth of carbon nanotubes with anodic aluminum oxide formed on the catalytic metal-coated Si substrate , 2003 .

[37]  D. L. Overmyer,et al.  Diameter control and emission properties of carbon nanotubes grown using chemical vapor deposition , 2003 .

[38]  U. Gösele,et al.  Switching behaviour of single nanowires inside dense nickel nanowire arrays , 2002 .

[39]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Thermopower and GMR of a single Co/Cu multilayer nanowire , 2002 .

[40]  Zheng Xu,et al.  Synthesis and magnetic behavior of an array of nickel-filled carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[41]  Y. Mao,et al.  Arrays of ordered Pb nanowires with different diameters in different areas embedded in one piece of anodic alumina membrane , 2002 .

[42]  S. Demoustier‐Champagne,et al.  Fabrication of a new generation of track-etched templates and their use for the synthesis of metallic and organic nanostructures , 2002 .

[43]  Satoru Inoue,et al.  Fabrication and Characteristics of Ordered Ni Nanostructures on Glass by Anodization and Direct Current Electrodeposition , 2002 .

[44]  Thomas E Mallouk,et al.  Nanowires as building blocks for self-assembling logic and memory circuits. , 2002, Chemistry.

[45]  D. Chakravorty,et al.  Review Synthesis of conducting nanowires , 2002 .

[46]  Anti localization due to spin–orbit interaction in metal-doped carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[47]  Xinsheng Peng,et al.  Fabrication, morphology and structural characterization of ordered single-crystal Ag nanowires , 2002 .

[48]  T. Fournier,et al.  A novel method for preparing preforms of porous alumina and carbon nanotubes by CVD , 2002 .

[49]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Real time probing of magnetization switching in magnetic nanostructures , 2002 .

[50]  R. Paterson,et al.  New and modified anodic alumina membranes ☆: Part III. Preparation and characterisation by gas diffusion of 5 nm pore size anodic alumina membranes , 2002 .

[51]  P. Aranda,et al.  Porous membranes for the preparation of magnetic nanostructures , 2002 .

[52]  D. Acosta,et al.  Growth of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres in porous anodic alumina film , 2002 .

[53]  Ralf B. Wehrspohn,et al.  Self-ordering Regimes of Porous Alumina: The 10% Porosity Rule , 2002 .

[54]  Ph. Guittienne,et al.  Spin-polarized current induced magnetization switch: Is the modulus of the magnetic layer conserved? (invited) , 2002 .

[55]  Jean-Eric Wegrowe,et al.  Exchange torque and spin transfer between spin polarized current and ferromagnetic layers , 2002 .

[56]  Dongsheng Xu,et al.  ELECTROCHEMICALLY INDUCED SOL-GEL PREPARATION OF SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE TIO2NANOWIRES , 2002 .

[57]  Christopher B. Murray,et al.  Monodisperse 3d Transition-Metal (Co, Ni, Fe) Nanoparticles and Their Assembly into Nanoparticle Superlattices. , 2002 .

[58]  Kozo Saito,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on silicon substrates using porous alumina nanotemplates. , 2002, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[59]  Low-temperature catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes under microwave plasma assistance , 2002 .

[60]  N. García,et al.  Balistic magnetoresistance in nanocontacts electrochemically grown between macro- and microscopic ferromagnetic electrodes , 2002 .

[61]  D. Sellmyer,et al.  Pore structure, barrier layer topography and matrix alumina structure of porous anodic alumina film , 2002 .

[62]  Joan M. Redwing,et al.  Template-directed vapor–liquid–solid growth of silicon nanowires , 2002 .

[63]  H. Zeng,et al.  Effects of surface morphology on magnetic properties of Ni nanowire arrays in self-ordered porous alumina , 2002 .

[64]  Chunxiang Xu,et al.  Photoluminescent blue-shift of organic molecules in nanometre pores , 2002 .

[65]  Theresa S. Mayer,et al.  Layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy for template synthesis of nanoscale devices , 2002 .

[66]  P. Sokol,et al.  Preparation and synthesis of Ag2Se nanowires produced by template directed synthesis , 2002 .

[67]  Peter C. Searson,et al.  Magnetic anisotropy in prismatic nickel nanowires , 2001 .

[68]  Christopher B. Murray,et al.  Monodisperse 3d Transition-Metal (Co, Ni, Fe) Nanoparticles and Their Assembly into Nanoparticle Superlattices , 2001 .

[69]  J P Landers,et al.  Miniaturized electrophoresis: an evolving role in laboratory medicine. , 2001, BioTechniques.

[70]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Magnetoresistance properties of granular nanowires composed of carbon nanoparticles embedded in a Co matrix , 2001 .

[71]  E. Samulski,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of nanotubular semiconductor oxides In2O3 and Ga2O3 , 2001 .

[72]  Jeong-O Lee,et al.  Ultrahigh-density nanotransistors by using selectively grown vertical carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[73]  C. Grimes,et al.  Growth of well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays on silicon substrates using porous alumina film as a nanotemplate , 2001 .

[74]  G. Park,et al.  Well-ordered Co nanowire arrays for aligned carbon nanotube arrays , 2001 .

[75]  G. Yin,et al.  Sol–Gel Template Synthesis of an Array of Single Crystal CdS Nanowires on a Porous Alumina Template , 2001 .

[76]  B. W. Barry,et al.  Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. , 2001, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.

[77]  P. A. Smith,et al.  Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Rectifying Junctions in and on Metal Nanowires † , 2001 .

[78]  J. Bonard,et al.  Varying the size and magnetic properties of carbon-encapsulated cobalt particles , 2001 .

[79]  L. Zhang,et al.  Template synthesis of single-crystal Cu nanowire arrays by electrodeposition , 2001 .

[80]  K. Rajeshwar,et al.  Semiconductor-Based Composite Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Performance , 2001 .

[81]  M. Farle,et al.  Ferromagnetic resonance of monodisperse Co particles , 2001 .

[82]  P. Gütlich,et al.  Carbon Nanotube Bags: Catalytic Formation, Physical Properties, Two‐Dimensional Alignment and Geometric Structuring of Densely Filled Carbon Tubes , 2001 .

[83]  Switching time measurements of current-induced magnetization reversal , 2001 .

[84]  Template synthesis of well-graphitized carbon nanotube arrays , 2001 .

[85]  J. M. D. Coey,et al.  Magnetoresistance of Half-Metallic Oxide Nanocontacts , 2001 .

[86]  J. Bubendorff,et al.  Ferromagnetic resonance investigation of electrolytically deposited Co films on Au(111) , 2001 .

[87]  T. Taniyama,et al.  Magnetotransport and Mössbauer study of Fe3O4/γFe2O3 granular thin films , 2001 .

[88]  Tailoring anisotropic magnetoresistance and giant magnetoresistance hysteresis loops with spin-polarized current injection , 2001 .

[89]  Mesoscopic phenomena in nano-porous alumina films: single nano-tunnel junctions connected to Ni-nanowires and carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[90]  Kuiyang Jiang,et al.  Electrodeposited Metal Sulfide Semiconductor Films with Ordered Nanohole Array Structures , 2001 .

[91]  Systematic studies of tunneling magnetoresistance in granular films made from well-defined Co clusters , 2001 .

[92]  Youwei Du,et al.  Fabrication and magnetic properties of Co 67Ni 33 alloy nanowire array , 2001 .

[93]  Mark A. Hayes,et al.  Active Control of Dynamic Supraparticle Structures in Microchannels , 2001 .

[94]  Chengwei Wang,et al.  Well-aligned carbon nanotube array membrane and its field emission properties , 2001 .

[95]  Template synthesis of high-density carbon nanotube arrays , 2001 .

[96]  S. Maekawa,et al.  Enhanced tunnel magnetoresistance in granular nanobridges , 2001 .

[97]  T. Enoki,et al.  Electrophoretic Deposition of nanosized diamond particles , 2001 .

[98]  H. Shinoda,et al.  Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2-based multiple layer thin film prepared by sol-gel and reactive-sputtering methods , 2001 .

[99]  M. Giersig,et al.  Creation of 3-D Crystals from Single Cobalt Nanoparticles in External Magnetic Fields , 2001 .

[100]  Xinyi Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of highly ordered Au nanowire arrays , 2001 .

[101]  K. Guarini,et al.  Ultrahigh-density nanowire arrays grown in self-assembled diblock copolymer templates. , 2000, Science.

[102]  Magnetization reversal triggered by spin-polarized current in magnetic nanowires , 2000, cond-mat/0011228.

[103]  M. Morales,et al.  Magnetic behaviour and percolation in mechanically alloyed Fe–SiO2 granular solids , 2000 .

[104]  H. Zeng,et al.  Magnetic properties of Ni nanowires in self-assembled arrays , 2000 .

[105]  Long Ba,et al.  Influence of anodizing conditions on the ordered pore formation in anodic alumina , 2000 .

[106]  H. Rohrer,et al.  Negative and positive magnetoresistance manipulation in an electrodeposited nanometer Ni contact. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[107]  J. Bubendorff,et al.  Electrodeposited cobalt films: hcp versus fcc nanostructuring and magnetic properties , 2000 .

[108]  J. Vicente,et al.  Stability of Cobalt Ferrite Colloidal Particles. Effect of pH and Applied Magnetic Fields , 2000 .

[109]  J. Bucher,et al.  Controlled nucleation of Co clusters on Au(111): towards spin engineering , 2000 .

[110]  Chengwei Wang,et al.  Well-aligned carbon nanotube array membrane synthesized in porous alumina template by chemical vapor deposition , 2000 .

[111]  Dongsheng Xu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of CdS nanowire arrays by dc electrodeposit in porous anodic aluminum oxide templates , 2000 .

[112]  Jean-Eric Wegrowe,et al.  Uniform magnetization rotation in single ferromagnetic nanowires , 2000 .

[113]  F. Phillipp,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of nanowires and nanocables , 2000 .

[114]  Weili Cai,et al.  Photoluminescence of ZnO nanoparticles in alumina membrane with ordered pore arrays , 2000 .

[115]  Bao Ximao,et al.  Preparation of Si Nanocrystals Using Anodic Porous Alumina Template Formed on Silicon Substrate , 2000 .

[116]  Kornelius Nielsch,et al.  Uniform Nickel Deposition into Ordered Alumina Pores by Pulsed Electrodeposition , 2000 .

[117]  Andrzej Huczko,et al.  Template-based synthesis of nanomaterials , 2000 .

[118]  Peter C. Searson,et al.  Finite-size effects in nickel nanowire arrays , 2000 .

[119]  Ge Yi,et al.  Current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide membranes , 2000 .

[120]  Xuesong Shi,et al.  Preparation of II-VI group semiconductor nanowire arrays by dc electrochemical deposition in porous aluminum oxide templates , 2000 .

[121]  J. Katz,et al.  Magnetophoretic deposition of nanocomposites , 1999 .

[122]  M. Giersig,et al.  The preparation of ordered colloidal magnetic particles by magnetophoretic deposition , 1999 .

[123]  E. Cambril,et al.  Metal nanostructures prepared by template electrodeposition , 1999 .

[124]  S. E. Gilbert,et al.  Magnetoresistance of Ferromagnetic Nanowires , 1999 .

[125]  John Casimir Slonczewski,et al.  Excitation of spin waves by an electric current , 1999 .

[126]  Jinke Tang,et al.  Negative magnetoresistance of γ-Fe2O3 observed in γ-Fe2O3/Ag granular nanocomposites , 1999 .

[127]  M. Muñoz,et al.  MAGNETORESISTANCE IN EXCESS OF 200% IN BALLISTIC NI NANOCONTACTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 100 OE , 1999 .

[128]  Ge Yi,et al.  Single crystal superconductor nanowires by electrodeposition , 1999 .

[129]  Surface properties of nanodiamond films deposited by electrophoresis on Si(100) , 1999 .

[130]  H. Fuchs,et al.  Preparation and characterization of low-dimensional nanostructures , 1999 .

[131]  Jean-Eric Wegrowe,et al.  Current-induced magnetization reversal in magnetic nanowires , 1999 .

[132]  J. Bucher,et al.  Burrowing self-organized cobalt clusters into a gold substrate , 1999 .

[133]  H. Imai,et al.  Direct preparation of anatase TiO2 nanotubes in porous alumina membranes , 1999 .

[134]  P. Parilla,et al.  Template synthesis of carbon nanotubes , 1999 .

[135]  J. M. Daughton,et al.  Gmr Applications , 1999 .

[136]  Kornelius Nielsch,et al.  Hexagonal pore arrays with a 50-420 nm interpore distance formed by self-organization in anodic alumina , 1998 .

[137]  Frank Müller,et al.  Self-Organized Formation of Hexagonal Pore Structures in Anodic Alumina , 1998 .

[138]  H. Micklitz,et al.  Well-defined Co clusters embedded in an Ag matrix: A model system for the giant magnetoresistance in granular films , 1998 .

[139]  J. Wegrowe,et al.  Anisotropic magnetoresistance as a probe of magnetization reversal in individual nono-sized nickel wires , 1998 .

[140]  Frank Müller,et al.  Self-organized formation of hexagonal pore arrays in anodic alumina , 1998 .

[141]  H. Loye,et al.  Sol−Gel Preparation of Bi2MxV1-xO5.5-δ Films (M = Cu, Nb; x = 0.1, 0.3) , 1998 .

[142]  K. Okada,et al.  The nature of multilayered TiO2-BASED photocatalytic films prepared by a sol-gel process , 1998 .

[143]  S. Chakarvarti,et al.  Template synthesis—a membrane based technology for generation of nano-/micro materials: a review , 1998 .

[144]  J. Bucher,et al.  Variable temperature STM and Kerr studies of ultrathin films of Co on Au(111): from self-organized clusters to continuous films , 1998 .

[145]  P. Unwin,et al.  Theory and Experiment for the Substrate Generation/Tip Collection Mode of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope: Application as an Approach for Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient Ratio of a Redox Couple , 1998 .

[146]  K. Ounadjela,et al.  Magnetization processes in nickel and cobalt electrodeposited nanowires , 1997 .

[147]  S. Hopfe,et al.  Gold Clusters and Colloids in Alumina Nanotubes , 1997 .

[148]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Sol−Gel Template Synthesis of Semiconductor Oxide Micro- and Nanostructures , 1997 .

[149]  A. Fert,et al.  Arrays of nanowires of magnetic metals and multilayers: Perpendicular GMR and magnetic properties , 1997 .

[150]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Nanotubule-Based Molecular-Filtration Membranes , 1997 .

[151]  Alexey Bezryadin,et al.  Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes , 1997 .

[152]  G. Redmond,et al.  Magnetoresistance Governed by Fluctuations in Ultrasmall Ni/NiO/Co Junctions , 1997 .

[153]  Sophie Demoustier-Champagne,et al.  Template synthesis of nanoscale materials using the membrane porosity , 1997 .

[154]  J. Bubendorff,et al.  Anion promoted Ni-underpotential deposition on Au(111) , 1997 .

[155]  Rupert Huber,et al.  TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS OF NANOWIRES IN POROUS POLYCARBONATE MEMBRANES: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND MORPHOLOGY , 1997 .

[156]  D. Mailly,et al.  Measurements of magnetization switching in individual nickel nanowires , 1997 .

[157]  J. George,et al.  Magnetization reversal in cobalt and nickel electrodeposited nanowires , 1997 .

[158]  A. Fert,et al.  Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu and permalloy/Cu multilayered nanowires , 1997 .

[159]  G. Thompson,et al.  Porous anodic alumina: fabrication, characterization and applications , 1997 .

[160]  V. Dupuis,et al.  Magnetic interactions in transition metal clusters embedded in matrices prepared by LECBD technique , 1997 .

[161]  Albert Fert,et al.  Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu multilayered nanowires , 1997 .

[162]  Albert Fert,et al.  Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu and Co/Cu multilayered nanowires , 1997 .

[163]  Albert Fert,et al.  Anisotropic transport and magnetic properties of arrays of sub-micron wires , 1997 .

[164]  J. Ansermet,et al.  Comparative study of the magnetoresistance of electrodeposited Co/Cu multilayered nanowires made by , 1997 .

[165]  Berger.  Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current. , 1996, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[166]  Meier,et al.  Nucleation of Magnetization Reversal in Individual Nanosized Nickel Wires. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[167]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Membrane-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials , 1996 .

[168]  C. Brinker,et al.  Template-Based Approaches to the Preparation of Amorphous, Nanoporous Silicas , 1996 .

[169]  A. Fert,et al.  Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires , 1996 .

[170]  J. Slonczewski.  Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers , 1996 .

[171]  J. Ansermet,et al.  ARRAYS OF MULTILAYERED NANOWIRES (INVITED) , 1996 .

[172]  K. Ounadjela,et al.  Perpendicular magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayered nanowires , 1996 .

[173]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Template preparation of nanoelectrode ensembles. Achieving the ‘pure-radial’ electrochemical-response limiting case , 1996 .

[174]  J. Ansermet,et al.  Electron transport in multilayered Co/Cu nanowires , 1995 .

[175]  Wire-shaped magnetic mutilayers for ‘current perpendicular to plane’ magnetoresistance measurements , 1995 .

[176]  Kenji Fukuda,et al.  Ordered Metal Nanohole Arrays Made by a Two-Step Replication of Honeycomb Structures of Anodic Alumina , 1995, Science.

[177]  Matsuhiko Nishizawa,et al.  Metal Nanotubule Membranes with Electrochemically Switchable Ion-Transport Selectivity , 1995, Science.

[178]  Y. Hirata,et al.  Electrodeposition of Nickel into Porous Alumina Compact , 1995 .

[179]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Template Synthesis of Electronically Conductive Polymer Nanostructures , 1995 .

[180]  A new method to construct nanostructured materials of controlled morphology , 1995 .

[181]  Jean-Philippe Ansermet,et al.  Magnetic Properties of Nanosized Wires , 1996 .

[182]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Nanomaterials: A Membrane-Based Synthetic Approach , 1994, Science.

[183]  J. Ansermet,et al.  Giant magnetoresistance of nanowires of multilayers , 1994 .

[184]  C. Chien,et al.  Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Arrays of Metallic Nanowires , 1993, Science.

[185]  R. Spohr,et al.  Application of ion track membranes for preparation of metallic microstructures , 1993 .

[186]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Optical properties of composite membranes containing arrays of nanoscopic gold cylinders , 1992 .

[187]  J. Hailman.  Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, Stephen Jay Gould. W. W. Norton, New York (1989), 347, Price $19.95 (U.S.A.), $27.95 (Canada) , 1991 .

[188]  Reimar Spohr,et al.  Ion Tracks and Microtechnology , 1990 .

[189]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Transparent Metal Microstructures , 1989 .

[190]  S. Gould.  Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History , 1989 .

[191]  Etienne,et al.  Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[192]  L. Berger,et al.  Exchange interaction between ferromagnetic domain wall and electric current in very thin metallic films , 1984 .

[193]  N. Giordano,et al.  Fabrication of 80 Å metal wires , 1984 .

[194]  L. Schramm,et al.  On the measurement of magnetophoretic mobilities , 1983 .

[195]  G. Thompson,et al.  Direct observation of the cell material comprising porous anodic films formed on aluminium , 1982 .

[196]  G. Thompson,et al.  Nucleation and growth of porous anodic films on aluminium , 1978, Nature.

[197]  T. Mcguire,et al.  Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3d alloys , 1975 .

[198]  S. Kawai,et al.  Magnetic Properties of Anodic Oxide Coatings on Aluminum Containing Electrodeposited Co and Co‐Ni , 1975 .

[199]  P. Sheng,et al.  Hopping Conductivity in Granular Metals , 1973 .

[200]  G. C. Wood,et al.  The morphology and mechanism of formation of porous anodic films on aluminium , 1970, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[201]  George E. Possin,et al.  A method for forming very small diameter wires (Notes) , 1970 .

[202]  M. Masoero,et al.  An Investigation of Porous Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum by Comparative Adsorption, Gravimetric and Electronoptical Measurements , 1965 .