From scalable solution fabrication of perovskite films towards commercialization of solar cells

Perovskite large-scale solution manufacturing methods combined with relevant crystallization thermodynamics and kinetics, as well as challenges including stability, toxicity, and module cost issues towards commercialization are reviewed.

[1]  Alan D. F. Dunbar,et al.  Efficient planar heterojunction mixed-halide perovskite solar cells deposited via spray-deposition , 2014 .

[2]  Sang Il Seok,et al.  Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. , 2014, Nature materials.

[3]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Solvent Annealing of Perovskite‐Induced Crystal Growth for Photovoltaic‐Device Efficiency Enhancement , 2014, Advanced materials.

[4]  M. Green,et al.  Solar cell efficiency tables (version 51) , 2018 .

[5]  G. Cao,et al.  Dynamic Growth of Pinhole-Free Conformal CH3NH3PbI3 Film for Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[6]  Dong Uk Lee,et al.  Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells , 2017, Science.

[7]  Zhiyong Fan,et al.  Large‐Grain Tin‐Rich Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells via Metal Alloying Technique , 2018, Advanced materials.

[8]  David G. Lidzey,et al.  Spray‐Cast Multilayer Organometal Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated in Air , 2016 .

[9]  G. Cao,et al.  Constructing water-resistant CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films via coordination interaction , 2016 .

[10]  Frederik C. Krebs,et al.  Polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods: Knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating and screen printing , 2009 .

[11]  Felix Lang,et al.  Influence of Radiation on the Properties and the Stability of Hybrid Perovskites , 2018, Advanced materials.

[12]  D. Mitzi,et al.  Thin-film preparation and characterization of Cs3Sb2I9: A lead-free layered perovskite semiconductor , 2015 .

[13]  Jay B. Patel,et al.  Crystallization Kinetics and Morphology Control of Formamidinium–Cesium Mixed‐Cation Lead Mixed‐Halide Perovskite via Tunability of the Colloidal Precursor Solution , 2017, Advanced materials.

[14]  Paul A. Basore,et al.  A manufacturing cost estimation method with uncertainty analysis and its application to perovskite on glass photovoltaic modules , 2017 .

[15]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells , 2018 .

[16]  M. Grätzel,et al.  A hole-conductor–free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability , 2014, Science.

[17]  M. Johnston,et al.  Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells , 2014 .

[18]  A. Carlo,et al.  Research Update: Large-area deposition, coating, printing, and processing techniques for the upscaling of perovskite solar cell technology , 2016 .

[19]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Perovskite Solar Cells—Towards Commercialization , 2017 .

[20]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Perovskite Solar Cells: From the Atomic Level to Film Quality and Device Performance. , 2018, Angewandte Chemie.

[21]  M. Grätzel,et al.  The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal and Proceedings. Part II: 1935 , 1935 .

[22]  Yun Wang,et al.  Formation Mechanism of Freestanding CH3NH3PbI3 Functional Crystals: In Situ Transformation vs Dissolution–Crystallization , 2014 .

[23]  Sang Il Seok,et al.  High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange , 2015, Science.

[24]  Jinli Yang,et al.  Investigation of CH3NH3PbI3 degradation rates and mechanisms in controlled humidity environments using in situ techniques. , 2015, ACS nano.

[25]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Thin Insulating Tunneling Contacts for Efficient and Water‐Resistant Perovskite Solar Cells , 2016, Advanced materials.

[26]  Olivier Durand,et al.  Light-induced lattice expansion leads to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells , 2018, Science.

[27]  Xiaofeng Wang,et al.  Multilayered Perovskite Materials Based on Polymeric-Ammonium Cations for Stable Large-Area Solar Cell , 2016 .

[28]  Dong Yang,et al.  High efficiency planar-type perovskite solar cells with negligible hysteresis using EDTA-complexed SnO2 , 2018, Nature Communications.

[29]  J. Berry,et al.  Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys , 2016 .

[30]  G. Boschloo,et al.  Improved morphology control using a modified two-step method for efficient perovskite solar cells. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[31]  C. Moreau,et al.  Investigation of Al-Al2O3 Cold Spray Coating Formation and Properties , 2007, International Thermal Spray Conference.

[32]  Yanhong Luo,et al.  Two-step ultrasonic spray deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 for efficient and large-area perovskite solar cell , 2016 .

[33]  Liming Ding,et al.  One-step roll-to-roll air processed high efficiency perovskite solar cells , 2018 .

[34]  Bernd Rech,et al.  A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells , 2016, Science.

[35]  Rongrong Cheacharoen,et al.  Design and understanding of encapsulated perovskite solar cells to withstand temperature cycling , 2018 .

[36]  A. Jen,et al.  Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells with 14.1% Power Conversion Efficiency and 0.68% External Radiative Efficiency , 2018, ACS Energy Letters.

[37]  Gong Gu,et al.  High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing , 2015 .

[38]  Haining Chen.  Two‐Step Sequential Deposition of Organometal Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaic Application , 2017 .

[39]  Lioz Etgar,et al.  The merit of perovskite's dimensionality; can this replace the 3D halide perovskite? , 2018 .

[40]  Albrecht Poglitsch,et al.  Dynamic disorder in methylammoniumtrihalogenoplumbates (II) observed by millimeter‐wave spectroscopy , 1987 .

[41]  Jay B. Patel,et al.  Large-Area, Highly Uniform Evaporated Formamidinium Lead Triiodide Thin Films for Solar Cells , 2017 .

[42]  Bin Fan,et al.  Large area perovskite solar cell module , 2017 .

[43]  K. Sun,et al.  Perovskites for photovoltaics: a combined review of organic–inorganic halide perovskites and ferroelectric oxide perovskites , 2015 .

[44]  Qi Chen,et al.  Improved air stability of perovskite solar cells via solution-processed metal oxide transport layers. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[45]  Hang Hu,et al.  Low-toxic metal halide perovskites: opportunities and future challenges , 2017 .

[46]  G. Cao,et al.  Synergistic combination of semiconductor quantum dots and organic-inorganic halide perovskites for hybrid solar cells , 2018, Coordination Chemistry Reviews.

[47]  S. Pang,et al.  Microstructures of Organometal Trihalide Perovskites for Solar Cells: Their Evolution from Solutions and Characterization. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[48]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Efficient, high yield perovskite photovoltaic devices grown by interdiffusion of solution-processed precursor stacking layers , 2014 .

[49]  L. Quan,et al.  SOLAR CELLS: Efficient and stable solution‐processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation , 2017 .

[50]  Fuzhi Huang,et al.  Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 Beads with High Surface Areas and Controllable Pore Sizes: A Superior Candidate for High‐Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells , 2009 .

[51]  Xionggang Lu,et al.  Formability of ABX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) halide perovskites. , 2008, Acta crystallographica. Section B, Structural science.

[52]  F. Krebs.  Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques , 2009 .

[53]  E. Sargent,et al.  Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals , 2015, Science.

[54]  A. M. Cazabat,et al.  Spreading and Instabilities Induced by a Solutal Marangoni Effect , 1998 .

[55]  Hui Luo,et al.  A gradient engineered hole-transporting material for monolithic series-type large-area perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[56]  Tsutomu Miyasaka,et al.  Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin,et al.  One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering , 2017, Nature Communications.

[58]  Laura M. Herz,et al.  Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites , 2017, Nature Energy.

[59]  Seong Sik Shin,et al.  Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF₂-Pyrazine Complex. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[60]  Jae Kwan Lee,et al.  Improved External Quantum Efficiency from Solution-Processed (CH3NH3)PbI3 Perovskite/PC71BM Planar Heterojunction for High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells , 2014 .

[61]  S. Chaudhary,et al.  Organic solvent vapor treatment of lead iodide layers in the two-step sequential deposition of CH3NH3PbI3-based perovskite solar cells , 2016 .

[62]  Xudong Yang,et al.  Cost‐Performance Analysis of Perovskite Solar Modules , 2016, Advanced science.

[63]  Antonio Guerrero,et al.  Coordination Chemistry Dictates the Structural Defects in Lead Halide Perovskites. , 2016, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[64]  James E. Bishop,et al.  Advances in Spray-Cast Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[65]  G. Cao,et al.  High-Voltage-Efficiency Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells in a Wide Solution-Processing Window. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[66]  Dong Hoe Kim,et al.  Stable Formamidinium‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells via In Situ Grain Encapsulation , 2018, Advanced Energy Materials.

[67]  Yan Li,et al.  Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Highly Efficient Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells in Air Using Gas Pump Method. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[68]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Perovskite Photovoltaics with Outstanding Performance Produced by Chemical Conversion of Bilayer Mesostructured Lead Halide/TiO2 Films , 2016, Advanced materials.

[69]  Aslihan Babayigit,et al.  Assessing the toxicity of Pb- and Sn-based perovskite solar cells in model organism Danio rerio , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[70]  Paul Heremans,et al.  Nonhazardous Solvent Systems for Processing Perovskite Photovoltaics , 2016 .

[71]  Wei Chen,et al.  Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers , 2015, Science.

[72]  M. Grätzel.  The light and shade of perovskite solar cells. , 2014, Nature materials.

[73]  M. Rashad,et al.  Copper-Substituted Lead Perovskite Materials Constructed with Different Halides for Working (CH3NH3)2CuX4-Based Perovskite Solar Cells from Experimental and Theoretical View. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[74]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Enhanced Thermal Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells by Assembling 2D/3D Stacking Structures. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[75]  Shibin Li,et al.  Reveal the growth mechanism in perovskite films via weakly coordinating solvent annealing , 2018, Science China Materials.

[76]  Tae Kyu Ahn,et al.  Hysteresis-less inverted CH3NH3PbI3 planar perovskite hybrid solar cells with 18.1% power conversion efficiency , 2015 .

[77]  N. Miura,et al.  Magnetoabsorption of the lowest exciton in perovskite-type compound (CH3NH3)PbI3 , 1994 .

[78]  Xudong Yang,et al.  A solvent- and vacuum-free route to large-area perovskite films for efficient solar modules , 2017, Nature.

[79]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Perovskite ink with wide processing window for scalable high-efficiency solar cells , 2017, Nature Energy.

[80]  Hao Yu,et al.  Large-area, high-quality organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite thin films via a controlled vapor–solid reaction , 2016 .

[81]  G. Cao,et al.  Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Monolithically Grained CH3NH3PbI3 Film , 2017 .

[82]  Lin Mao,et al.  Writable and patternable organic solar cells and modules inspired by an old Chinese calligraphy tradition , 2018 .

[83]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic–inorganic halide perovskite films , 2016 .

[84]  Chenghao Bi,et al.  Original Core–Shell Structure of Cubic CsPbBr3@Amorphous CsPbBrx Perovskite Quantum Dots with a High Blue Photoluminescence Quantum Yield of over 80% , 2018 .

[85]  Jeffrey A. Christians,et al.  Transformation of the excited state and photovoltaic efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite upon controlled exposure to humidified air. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[86]  Mei Gao,et al.  Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with Scalable and Roll‐to‐Roll Compatible Printing/Coating Processes , 2017 .

[87]  Sayantani Ghosh,et al.  Nature inspiring processing route toward high throughput production of perovskite photovoltaics , 2016 .

[88]  P A Midgley,et al.  Gold and iodine diffusion in large area perovskite solar cells under illumination. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[89]  T. Miyasaka,et al.  Stabilizing the Efficiency Beyond 20% with a Mixed Cation Perovskite Solar Cell Fabricated in Ambient Air under Controlled Humidity , 2018 .

[90]  Bin Ding,et al.  Preparation of flexible perovskite solar cells by a gas pump drying method on a plastic substrate , 2016 .

[91]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5ee03874j Click here for additional data file. , 2016, Energy & environmental science.

[92]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Effect of Precursor Solution Aging on the Crystallinity and Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells , 2017 .

[93]  Min Ho Lee,et al.  Highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3−xClx mixed halide perovskite solar cells prepared by re-dissolution and crystal grain growth via spray coating , 2016 .

[94]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals , 2015, Science.

[95]  Robert P. H. Chang,et al.  Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[96]  Laura M. Herz,et al.  Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber , 2013, Science.

[97]  Q. Gong,et al.  Fabrication of compact and stable perovskite films with optimized precursor composition in the fast-growing procedure , 2017, Science China Materials.

[98]  C. Chang,et al.  Achieving high efficiency and improved stability in large-area ITO-free perovskite solar cells with thiol-functionalized self-assembled monolayers , 2016 .

[99]  Mohamed Salah Aida,et al.  CuO Thin Films Deposition by Spray Pyrolysis: Influence of Precursor Solution Properties , 2012 .

[100]  Preparation of Homodisperse Solids , 1986 .

[101]  Henry J Snaith,et al.  Present status and future prospects of perovskite photovoltaics , 2018, Nature Materials.

[102]  A. Donald,et al.  Fabricating High Performance, Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Solar Cells by Spray‐Coating in Air , 2013 .

[103]  Tae-Youl Yang,et al.  A Low‐Temperature Thin‐Film Encapsulation for Enhanced Stability of a Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell , 2018 .

[104]  Yanlin Song,et al.  One‐Step Inkjet Printed Perovskite in Air for Efficient Light Harvesting , 2018 .

[105]  Yue Hu,et al.  Stable Large‐Area (10 × 10 cm2) Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Module Exceeding 10% Efficiency , 2017 .

[106]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Air‐Stable, Efficient Mixed‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Cu Electrode by Scalable Fabrication of Active Layer , 2016 .

[107]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2016, ACS nano.

[108]  Licheng Sun,et al.  Boosting the efficiency and the stability of low cost perovskite solar cells by using CuPc nanorods as hole transport material and carbon as counter electrode , 2016 .

[109]  Jianbin Xu,et al.  Hybrid halide perovskite solar cell precursors: colloidal chemistry and coordination engineering behind device processing for high efficiency. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[110]  Seonhee Lee,et al.  Self-formed grain boundary healing layer for highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells , 2016, Nature Energy.

[111]  Neha Arora,et al.  Perovskite solar cells with CuSCN hole extraction layers yield stabilized efficiencies greater than 20% , 2017, Science.

[112]  Jan Genoe,et al.  Exploring spray coating as a deposition technique for the fabrication of solution-processed solar cells , 2009 .

[113]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells , 2016, Nature Energy.

[114]  Liyuan Han,et al.  Soft-cover deposition of scaling-up uniform perovskite thin films for high cost-performance solar cells , 2016 .

[115]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Thermodynamic efficiency limit of excitonic solar cells , 2011 .

[116]  Yaowen Li,et al.  New Strategy for Two‐Step Sequential Deposition: Incorporation of Hydrophilic Fullerene in Second Precursor for High‐Performance p‐i‐n Planar Perovskite Solar Cells , 2018 .

[117]  M. Loi,et al.  Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency , 2018 .

[118]  M. A. EI-Sayed,et al.  Meniscus-assisted solution printing of large-grained perovskite films for high-efficiency solar cells , 2017, Nature Communications.

[119]  Jinsong Hu,et al.  Additive engineering for high-performance room-temperature-processed perovskite absorbers with micron-size grains and microsecond-range carrier lifetimes , 2017 .

[120]  U. Köster.  Crystallization of amorphous silicon films , 1978 .

[121]  Blaise J. Thompson,et al.  Solution growth of single crystal methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanostructures for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[122]  Frederik C. Krebs,et al.  Ambient fabrication of flexible and large-area organic light-emitting devices using slot-die coating , 2012, Nature Communications.

[123]  Ilke Celik,et al.  A technoeconomic analysis of perovskite solar module manufacturing with low-cost materials and techniques , 2017 .

[124]  Chun-Guey Wu,et al.  The synergistic effect of H2O and DMF towards stable and 20% efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[125]  R. Munir,et al.  Phase Transition Control for High-Performance Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells , 2018, Joule.

[126]  Takashi Kondo,et al.  Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH3NH3PbBr3 CH3NH3PbI3 , 2003 .

[127]  Rongrong Cheacharoen,et al.  Towards enabling stable lead halide perovskite solar cells; interplay between structural, environmental, and thermal stability , 2017 .

[128]  A. Goñi,et al.  Defect tolerant perovskite solar cells from blade coated non-toxic solvents , 2018 .

[129]  Yanfa Yan,et al.  Lead‐Free Inverted Planar Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells Achieving Power Conversion Efficiencies up to 6.22% , 2016, Advanced materials.

[130]  Baoquan Sun,et al.  Constructing robust all-inorganic contacts enable stable perovskite solar cells with efficiencies over 20% , 2017, Science China Materials.

[131]  Aslihan Babayigit,et al.  Toxicity of organometal halide perovskite solar cells. , 2016, Nature materials.

[132]  Leone Spiccia,et al.  Gas-assisted preparation of lead iodide perovskite films consisting of a monolayer of single crystalline grains for high efficiency planar solar cells , 2014 .

[133]  T. Matsushima,et al.  Multifunctional Benzoquinone Additive for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells , 2017, Advanced materials.

[134]  Tongle Bu,et al.  Low-Temperature Presynthesized Crystalline Tin Oxide for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[135]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Optical properties and limiting photocurrent of thin-film perovskite solar cells , 2015 .

[136]  Ralf B. Bergmann,et al.  Optimization and characterization of amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells , 2002 .

[137]  Gao Lili,et al.  Large-area high-efficiency perovskite solar cells based on perovskite films dried by the multi-flow air knife method in air , 2017 .

[138]  G. Cao,et al.  Impact of sol aging on TiO2 compact layer and photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cell , 2016, Science China Materials.

[139]  A. Carlo,et al.  Airbrush spray-coating of polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells , 2010 .

[140]  Wei Li,et al.  Directing nucleation and growth kinetics in solution-processed hybrid perovskite thin-films , 2017, Science China Materials.

[141]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Composition Engineering in Doctor‐Blading of Perovskite Solar Cells , 2017 .

[142]  U. Steiner,et al.  Flash Infrared Annealing for Antisolvent‐Free Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells , 2018 .

[143]  Christophe Ballif,et al.  Organometallic Halide Perovskites: Sharp Optical Absorption Edge and Its Relation to Photovoltaic Performance. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[144]  Xiao Cheng Zeng,et al.  Thin-Film Transformation of NH4 PbI3 to CH3 NH3 PbI3 Perovskite: A Methylamine-Induced Conversion-Healing Process. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[145]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Scalable fabrication of efficient organolead trihalide perovskite solar cells with doctor-bladed active layers , 2015 .

[146]  Dapeng Yu,et al.  Potentials and challenges towards application of perovskite solar cells , 2016, Science China Materials.

[147]  Gerrit Boschloo,et al.  Bismuth Based Hybrid Perovskites A3Bi2I9 (A: Methylammonium or Cesium) for Solar Cell Application , 2015, Advanced materials.

[148]  Ulrich Wiesner,et al.  Crystallization kinetics of organic-inorganic trihalide perovskites and the role of the lead anion in crystal growth. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[149]  Zhenjie Xue,et al.  A stable lead halide perovskite nanocrystals protected by PMMA , 2018, Science China Materials.

[150]  N. Park,et al.  15.76% efficiency perovskite solar cells prepared under high relative humidity: importance of PbI2 morphology in two-step deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 , 2015 .

[151]  G. Hernández-Sosa,et al.  Multipass inkjet printed planar methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells , 2016 .

[152]  Q. Wang,et al.  Graded Bandgap CsPbI2+Br1− Perovskite Solar Cells with a Stabilized Efficiency of 14.4% , 2018, Joule.

[153]  S. C. Parker,et al.  Phase stability and transformations in the halide perovskite CsSnI 3 , 2015 .

[154]  Martin A. Green,et al.  Manufacturing cost and market potential analysis of demonstrated roll-to-roll perovskite photovoltaic cell processes , 2018 .

[155]  Wei Huang,et al.  Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Prospective on the Substitution of the A Cation and X Anion. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[156]  T. Hayat,et al.  Two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite: from material properties to device applications , 2018, Science China Materials.

[157]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules by Scalable Fabrication and Interconnection Optimization , 2018 .

[158]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells , 2013, Nature.

[159]  G. Cao,et al.  Monolithic MAPbI3 films for high-efficiency solar cells via coordination and a heat assisted process , 2017 .

[160]  A. Jen,et al.  Current Challenges and Prospective Research for Upscaling Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[161]  Shiyu Huang,et al.  Material nucleation/growth competition tuning towards highly reproducible planar perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 20% , 2017 .

[162]  Nam-Gyu Park,et al.  Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology , 2015 .

[163]  Ronn Andriessen,et al.  Up-scalable sheet-to-sheet production of high efficiency perovskite module and solar cells on 6-in. substrate using slot die coating , 2017, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.

[164]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Title: Long-Range Balanced Electron and Hole Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 , 2017 .

[165]  Young Chan Kim,et al.  Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells , 2015, Nature.

[166]  Sung Cheol Yoon,et al.  Benefits of very thin PCBM and LiF layers for solution-processed p–i–n perovskite solar cells , 2014 .

[167]  Shihe Yang,et al.  Inkjet printing and instant chemical transformation of a CH3NH3PbI3/nanocarbon electrode and interface for planar perovskite solar cells. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[168]  Michael Grätzel,et al.  Systematic investigation of the impact of operation conditions on the degradation behaviour of perovskite solar cells , 2018, Nature Energy.

[169]  T. Shin,et al.  Structural features and their functions in surfactant-armoured methylammonium lead iodide perovskites for highly efficient and stable solar cells , 2018 .

[170]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Distinct exciton dissociation behavior of organolead trihalide perovskite and excitonic semiconductors studied in the same system. , 2015, Small.

[171]  Henry J. Snaith,et al.  Direct measurement of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for charge carriers in organic–inorganic tri-halide perovskites , 2015, 1504.07025.

[172]  Sergei Tretiak,et al.  High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains , 2015, Science.

[173]  Zhigang Yin,et al.  Planar‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency beyond 21% , 2017, Advanced materials.

[174]  Sandeep Kumar Pathak,et al.  Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications , 2014 .

[175]  G. Cao,et al.  Colloidal engineering for monolayer CH3NH3PbI3 films toward high performance perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[176]  Sergei Tretiak,et al.  High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells , 2016, Nature.

[177]  Paul Heremans,et al.  High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Spray‐Coated Hole‐Transport and Active Layers , 2011 .

[178]  Kun Zhang,et al.  Retarding the crystallization of PbI2 for highly reproducible planar-structured perovskite solar cells via sequential deposition , 2014 .

[179]  D. Ginger,et al.  Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells , 2015, Science.

[180]  Jay B. Patel,et al.  Bandgap‐Tunable Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites with High Thermal Stability for Efficient Solar Cells , 2016 .

[181]  T. Savenije,et al.  Charge Transfer from Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite to Organic Transport Materials: Efficiencies, Transfer Rates, and Interfacial Recombination , 2017 .

[182]  G. Cao,et al.  Enhanced Performance of CdS/CdSe Quantum Dot Cosensitized Solar Cells via Homogeneous Distribution of Quantum Dots in TiO2 Film , 2012 .

[183]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Large fill-factor bilayer iodine perovskite solar cells fabricated by a low-temperature solution-process , 2014 .

[184]  Seok‐In Na,et al.  Efficient spin-coating-free planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells fabricated with successive brush-painting , 2017 .

[185]  Nripan Mathews,et al.  A large area (70 cm2) monolithic perovskite solar module with a high efficiency and stability , 2016 .

[186]  Kwanghee Lee,et al.  Achieving Large‐Area Planar Perovskite Solar Cells by Introducing an Interfacial Compatibilizer , 2017, Advanced materials.

[187]  Guglielmo Lanzani,et al.  Excitons versus free charges in organo-lead tri-halide perovskites , 2014, Nature Communications.

[188]  Dong Suk Kim,et al.  High-Temperature-Short-Time Annealing Process for High-Performance Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2017, ACS nano.

[189]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Critical Role of Interface and Crystallinity on the Performance and Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cell on Nickel Oxide , 2018, Advanced materials.

[190]  Henry J. Snaith,et al.  A low viscosity, low boiling point, clean solvent system for the rapid crystallisation of highly specular perovskite films , 2017 .

[191]  Sandeep Kumar Pathak,et al.  Overcoming ultraviolet light instability of sensitized TiO2 with meso-superstructured organometal tri-halide perovskite solar cells , 2013, Nature Communications.

[192]  Jegadesan Subbiah,et al.  Toward Large Scale Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Fully Printed Perovskite Solar Cells , 2015, Advanced materials.

[193]  Maximilian T. Hörantner,et al.  Inducing swift nucleation morphology control for efficient planar perovskite solar cells by hot-air quenching , 2017 .

[194]  J. Even,et al.  DFT and k · p modelling of the phase transitions of lead and tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic cells , 2014 .

[195]  E. Stathatos,et al.  Inkjet Printable Processes for Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Based on Advanced Nanocomposite Materials , 2017 .

[196]  Qi Zhang,et al.  Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells Fabricated by Inkjet Printing: Progress and Prospects , 2017 .

[197]  V. M. Goldschmidt,et al.  Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie , 1926, Naturwissenschaften.

[198]  Jingjing Zhao,et al.  Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules , 2018 .

[199]  Miaoqiang Lyu,et al.  Addressing Toxicity of Lead: Progress and Applications of Low‐Toxic Metal Halide Perovskites and Their Derivatives , 2017 .

[200]  Aldo Di Carlo,et al.  Perovskite solar cells and large area modules (100 cm2) based on an air flow-assisted PbI2 blade coating deposition process , 2015 .

[201]  Wei Chen,et al.  Perovskite solar cells with 18.21% efficiency and area over 1 cm2 fabricated by heterojunction engineering , 2016, Nature Energy.

[202]  Frederik C. Krebs,et al.  Solution and vapour deposited lead perovskite solar cells: Ecotoxicity from a life cycle assessment perspective , 2015 .

[203]  T. Lenzer,et al.  Pronounced Exciton Dynamics in the Vacancy-Ordered Bismuth Halide Perovskite (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 Observed by Ultrafast UV–vis–NIR Transient Absorption Spectroscopy , 2017 .

[204]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Identifying and suppressing interfacial recombination to achieve high open-circuit voltage in perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[205]  Shenghao Wang,et al.  Silver Iodide Formation in Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Silver Top Electrodes , 2015 .

[206]  2-Methoxyethanol as a new solvent for processing methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[207]  Xudong Yang,et al.  Low‐Temperature Soft‐Cover Deposition of Uniform Large‐Scale Perovskite Films for High‐Performance Solar Cells , 2017, Advanced materials.

[208]  T. Ma,et al.  Advances and Obstacles on Perovskite Solar Cell Research from Material Properties to Photovoltaic Function , 2017 .

[209]  V. Lamer,et al.  Theory, Production and Mechanism of Formation of Monodispersed Hydrosols , 1950 .

[210]  Yongzhen Wu,et al.  Enhanced Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells through Corrosion‐Free Pyridine Derivatives in Hole‐Transporting Materials , 2016, Advanced materials.

[211]  S. Zakeeruddin,et al.  High performance carbon-based printed perovskite solar cells with humidity assisted thermal treatment , 2017 .

[212]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Pinhole-free perovskite films for efficient solar modules , 2016 .

[213]  M. Eslamian,et al.  Defect-Free Large-Area (25 cm2) Light Absorbing Perovskite Thin Films Made by Spray Coating , 2017 .

[214]  H. Han,et al.  Chlorine-Incorporation-Induced Formation of the Layered Phase for Antimony-Based Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2018, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[215]  Yue Hu,et al.  Toward Industrial-Scale Production of Perovskite Solar Cells: Screen Printing, Slot-Die Coating, and Emerging Techniques. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[216]  L. Kronik,et al.  Are Mobilities in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites Actually "High"? , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[217]  Yanlin Song,et al.  Inkjet manipulated homogeneous large size perovskite grains for efficient and large-area perovskite solar cells , 2018 .

[218]  Mingzhen Liu,et al.  Recent efficient strategies for improving the moisture stability of perovskite solar cells , 2017 .

[219]  Jinsong Huang,et al.  Understanding the physical properties of hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications , 2017 .

[220]  Young-Jung Heo,et al.  Progress in Scalable Coating and Roll‐to‐Roll Compatible Printing Processes of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Realization of Commercialization , 2018 .

[221]  Guangda Niu,et al.  Progress of interface engineering in perovskite solar cells , 2016, Science China Materials.