Energy Efficiency of 5G Wireless Communications

The massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas and the millimeter wave communication technologies have been widely known as two key technologies for the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Compared with conventional MIMO antenna technology, massive MIMO can improve more than 10 times spectrum efficiency in wireless communication systems [7]. Moreover, the beamforming gain based on the massive MIMO antenna technology helps to overcome the path loss fading in millimeter wave channels.

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