Maternal Vitamin D Status and Gestational Weight Gain as Correlates of Neonatal Bone Mass in Healthy Term Breastfed Young Infants from Montreal, Canada

The implications of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and vitamin D status to neonatal bone health are unclear. We tested whether maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and GWG relate to neonatal bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). Healthy term appropriate for gestational age breastfed neonates (n = 142) and their mothers were recruited 24–36 h after delivery and followed at 1.0 ± 0.5 month. At birth, obstetric data were collected and newborn serum 25(OH)D was measured. At 1 month, neonatal whole-body (WB) BMC, WB BMC relative to body weight (WB BMC/kg), lumbar spine BMC and BMD, maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations, and anthropometry were measured. Infant BMC and BMD between maternal 25(OH)D (<50, ≥50 nmol/L) and GWG (insufficient, adequate, and excessive) categories were compared. Maternal 25(OH)D was not related to infant whole-body BMC, BMC/kg, lumbar spine BMC, and BMD. Infants in the excessive maternal GWG category had greater (p = 0.0003) whole-body BMC and BMC/kg and lumbar spine BMC and BMD than inadequate GWG, and greater (p = 0.0063) whole-body BMC/kg and lumbar spine BMC and BMD than adequate GWG. These results suggest that maternal GWG, but not vitamin D status, modestly relates to bone mass in neonates.

[1]  H. Weiler,et al.  Disparities in vitamin D status of newborn infants from a diverse sociodemographic population in Montreal, Canada. , 2021, The Journal of nutrition.

[2]  J. Hamułka,et al.  Maternal Diet, Nutritional Status, and Birth-Related Factors Influencing Offspring’s Bone Mineral Density: A Narrative Review of Observational, Cohort, and Randomized Controlled Trials , 2021, Nutrients.

[3]  C. Cooper,et al.  The importance of maternal pregnancy vitamin D for offspring bone health: learnings from the MAVIDOS trial , 2021, Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease.

[4]  K. North,et al.  Sociodemographic predictors of early postnatal growth: evidence from a Chilean infancy cohort , 2020, BMJ Open.

[5]  M. McDowell,et al.  Excessive Gestational Weight Gain , 2018, Journal of midwifery & women's health.

[6]  C. Cooper,et al.  Gestational Weight Gain and Offspring Bone Mass: Different Associations in Healthy Weight Versus Overweight Women , 2018, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[7]  A. Dede,et al.  Obesity and bone metabolism , 2018, Hormones.

[8]  R. Leis,et al.  Maternal and Foetal Health Implications of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy , 2018, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[9]  M. Kiely,et al.  Vitamin D in pregnancy: current perspectives and future directions , 2017, Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease.

[10]  M. O’Beirne,et al.  The High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Cord Blood in Calgary, Alberta (APrON-D Study). , 2017, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC.

[11]  B. Koes,et al.  Differences in bone mineral density between normal‐weight children and children with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2017, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[12]  C. Cooper,et al.  Determinants of the Maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy , 2016, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[13]  L. Dodds,et al.  Determinants of vitamin D status in pregnant women and neonates , 2016, Canadian Journal of Public Health.

[14]  C. Cooper,et al.  Maternal gestational vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone health (MAVIDOS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. , 2016, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[15]  C. Mølgaard,et al.  Predicted vitamin D status during pregnancy in relation to offspring forearm fractures in childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort , 2015, British Journal of Nutrition.

[16]  E. Mezones-Holguín,et al.  Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2015, Fertility and sterility.

[17]  M. Turner.  Clinical trials of medicines in neonates: the influence of ethical and practical issues on design and conduct. , 2015, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[18]  L. Redman,et al.  Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: toward a uniform approach , 2014, Obesity.

[19]  C. Sempos,et al.  Standardizing Vitamin D Assays: The Way Forward , 2014, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.

[20]  C. Pennell,et al.  Maternal Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy and Bone Mass in Offspring at 20 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study , 2014, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[21]  W. Koo,et al.  Bone densitometry in infants and young children: the 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. , 2014, Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

[22]  C. Wagner,et al.  Health characteristics and outcomes of two randomized vitamin D supplementation trials during pregnancy: A combined analysis , 2013, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[23]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study , 2013, The Lancet.

[24]  H. Weiler,et al.  Normative Data for Bone Mass in Healthy Term Infants from Birth to 1 Year of Age , 2012, Journal of Osteoporosis.

[25]  C. Cooper,et al.  OP33.09: The effect of maternal vitamin D concentration on fetal bone , 2012, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[26]  C. Cooper,et al.  Vitamin D: some perspective please , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[27]  L. Allen,et al.  Feto-maternal vitamin D status and infant whole-body bone mineral content in the first weeks of life , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[28]  L. Allen,et al.  Evidence of Associations Between Feto-Maternal Vitamin D Status, Cord Parathyroid Hormone and Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase, and Newborn Whole Body Bone Mineral Content , 2012, Nutrients.

[29]  J. Tobias,et al.  Insights into the programming of bone development from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). , 2011, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[30]  C. Kovacs.  Bone Development in the Fetus and Neonate: Role of the Calciotropic Hormones , 2011, Current osteoporosis reports.

[31]  J. Manson,et al.  The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: what dietetics practitioners need to know. , 2011, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[32]  S. Balasubramanian.  Vitamin D deficiency in breastfed infants & the need for routine vitamin D supplementation , 2011, The Indian journal of medical research.

[33]  D. Mellström,et al.  Advancing maternal age is associated with lower bone mineral density in young adult male offspring , 2011, Osteoporosis International.

[34]  C. Cooper,et al.  Does birthweight predict bone mass in adulthood? A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2011, Osteoporosis International.

[35]  O. Mäkitie,et al.  Maternal vitamin D status affects bone growth in early childhood—a prospective cohort study , 2010, Osteoporosis International.

[36]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Relation of maternal prepregnancy body mass index with offspring bone mass in childhood: is there evidence for an intrauterine effect?1234 , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[37]  C. Cooper,et al.  Early development and osteoporosis and bone health. , 2010, Journal of developmental origins of health and disease.

[38]  O. Mäkitie,et al.  Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[39]  C. Cooper,et al.  Maternal predictors of neonatal bone size and geometry: the Southampton Women's Survey. , 2010, Journal of developmental origins of health and disease.

[40]  C. Cooper,et al.  Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: Cohort study , 2010, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[41]  P. Catalano,et al.  New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician/gynecologists should know. , 2009, Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology.

[42]  S. Mays,et al.  The effects of socioeconomic status on endochondral and appositional bone growth, and acquisition of cortical bone in children from 19th century Birmingham, England. , 2009, American journal of physical anthropology.

[43]  T. Cole,et al.  Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and bone mineral accretion of Gambian infants , 2009, Acta paediatrica.

[44]  C. Cooper,et al.  Paternal skeletal size predicts intrauterine bone mineral accrual. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[45]  S. Silverman,et al.  Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD Position Development Conference. , 2008, Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

[46]  S. Kurtoğlu,et al.  The relationship between birthweight, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and bone mineral status in neonates , 2006, Annals of tropical paediatrics.

[47]  C. Cooper,et al.  Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study , 2006, The Lancet.

[48]  J. Tobias,et al.  Social Position Affects Bone Mass in Childhood Through Opposing Actions on Height and Weight , 2005, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[49]  J. Tobias,et al.  Bone mass in childhood is related to maternal diet in pregnancy , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[50]  H. Weiler,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency and whole-body and femur bone mass relative to weight in healthy newborns , 2005, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[51]  J. Weinberg,et al.  Effect of duration of maternal alcohol consumption on calcium metabolism and bone in the fetal rat. , 2004, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[52]  M. Field,et al.  Ethical conduct of clinical research involving children. , 2004, Bulletin of medical ethics.

[53]  J. Jurvelin,et al.  Lumbar bone mineral content and density measured using a Lunar DPX densitometer in healthy full‐term infants during the first year of life , 2002, Clinical physiology and functional imaging.

[54]  E. Orwoll,et al.  Gender Specificity in the Genetic Determinants of Peak Bone Mass , 2001, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[55]  K. Godfrey,et al.  Neonatal Bone Mass: Influence of Parental Birthweight, Maternal Smoking, Body Composition, and Activity During Pregnancy , 2001, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[56]  C. Kovacs,et al.  Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation. , 1997, Endocrine reviews.

[57]  R. Magel,et al.  Use of a modified food frequency questionnaire during pregnancy. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[58]  L. Hillman.  Bone mineral content in term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based formula, or soy-based formula. , 1988, The Journal of pediatrics.