Spin and Wind Directions I: Identifying Entanglement in Nature and Cognition

We present a cognitive psychology experiment where participants were asked to select pairs of spatial directions that they considered to be the best example of Two different wind directions. Data are shown to violate the CHSH version of Bell’s inequality with the same magnitude as in typical Bell-test experiments with entangled spins. Wind directions thus appear to be conceptual entities connected through meaning, in human cognition, in a similar way as spins appear to be entangled in experiments conducted in physics laboratories. This is the first part of a two-part article. In the second part (Aerts et al. in Found Sci, 2017) we present a symmetrized version of the same experiment for which we provide a quantum modeling of the collected data in Hilbert space.

[1]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities: A Possible Explanatory Framework for Quantum Theory , 2009, 1004.2530.

[2]  Matt Jones,et al.  On contextuality in behavioural data , 2016, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[3]  Sandro Sozzo,et al.  A Quantum Probability Explanation in Fock Space for Borderline Contradictions , 2013, 1311.6050.

[4]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum Structure in Cognition: Why and How Concepts Are Entangled , 2011, QI.

[5]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A mechanistic classical laboratory situation violating the Bell inequalities with 2-2 , 1991 .

[6]  M. Genovese.  Research on hidden variable theories: A review of recent progresses , 2005, quant-ph/0701071.

[7]  N. Gisin,et al.  Violation of Bell Inequalities by Photons More Than 10 km Apart , 1998, quant-ph/9806043.

[8]  J. S. BELLt.  Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox , 2018 .

[9]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Identifying Quantum Structures in the Ellsberg Paradox , 2013, International Journal of Theoretical Physics.

[10]  H. Weinfurter,et al.  Violation of Bell's Inequality under Strict Einstein Locality Conditions , 1998, quant-ph/9810080.

[11]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum structure and human thought. , 2013, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[12]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  New fundamental evidence of non-classical structure in the combination of natural concepts , 2015, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[13]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum Entanglement in Concept Combinations , 2013, ArXiv.

[14]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Spin and Wind Directions II: A Bell State Quantum Model , 2017, Foundations of science.

[15]  A. Shimony,et al.  Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden Variable Theories. , 1969 .

[16]  L. I. Ponomarev,et al.  The Quantum Dice , 2021 .

[17]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum Structure in Cognition , 2008, 0805.3850.

[18]  Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov,et al.  On Selective Influences, Marginal Selectivity, and Bell/CHSH Inequalities , 2012, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[19]  G. Roger,et al.  Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers , 1982 .

[20]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A Quantum Model for the Ellsberg and Machina Paradoxes , 2012, QI.

[21]  P. Grangier,et al.  Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment : A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities , 1982 .

[22]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Ubiquitous Quantum Structure , 2010 .

[23]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A Theory of Concepts and Their Combinations II: A Hilbert Space Representation , 2004 .

[24]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories , 1976 .

[25]  Sandro Sozzo,et al.  Conjunction and Negation of Natural Concepts: A Quantum-theoretic Modeling , 2014, ArXiv.

[26]  Dirk Aerts,et al.  A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics , 1986 .

[27]  Aaron J. Miller,et al.  Detection-loophole-free test of quantum nonlocality, and applications. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[28]  J. Busemeyer,et al.  A quantum probability explanation for violations of ‘rational’ decision theory , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[29]  Harald Atmanspacher,et al.  The Potential of Quantum Probability for Modeling Cognitive Processes , 2011, CogSci.

[30]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum Structure in Cognition and the Foundations of Human Reasoning , 2014, ArXiv.

[31]  S. Wehner,et al.  Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres , 2015, Nature.

[32]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  The extended Bloch representation of quantum mechanics: Explaining superposition, interference, and entanglement , 2015, 1504.04781.

[33]  I. Pitowsky.  Quantum Probability ― Quantum Logic , 1989 .

[34]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  The Violation of Bell Inequalities in the Macroworld , 2000, quant-ph/0007044.

[35]  Richard M. Shiffrin,et al.  Context effects produced by question orders reveal quantum nature of human judgments , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[36]  A. Khrennikov,et al.  Quantum Social Science , 2013 .

[37]  Jennifer S Trueblood,et al.  A quantum theoretical explanation for probability judgment errors. , 2011, Psychological review.

[38]  Arthur Fine,et al.  Joint distributions, quantum correlations, and commuting observables , 1982 .

[39]  Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi,et al.  Using simple elastic bands to explain quantum mechanics: a conceptual review of two of Aerts’ machine-models , 2011, 1112.4045.

[40]  A. Zeilinger,et al.  Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption , 2012, Nature.

[41]  W. Mittig,et al.  Quantum mechanics and hidden variables: A test of Bell's inequality by the measurement of the spin correlation in low-energy proton-proton scattering , 1976 .

[42]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties , 2005 .

[43]  Jerome R Busemeyer,et al.  Can quantum probability provide a new direction for cognitive modeling? , 2013, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[44]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Applications of Quantum Statistics in Psychological Studies of Decision Processes , 1995 .

[45]  Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov,et al.  Quantum Models for Psychological Measurements: An Unsolved Problem , 2014, PloS one.

[46]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Concepts and Their Dynamics: A Quantum-Theoretic Modeling of Human Thought , 2012, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[47]  Jerome R. Busemeyer,et al.  Quantum Models of Cognition and Decision , 2012 .

[48]  Zeyu Zhao,et al.  Violation Of Bell’s Inequality , 2013 .

[49]  Matison,et al.  Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories , 1972 .