3D fibre deposition and stereolithography techniques for the design of multifunctional nanocomposite magnetic scaffolds

Magnetic nanocomposite scaffolds based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) were fabricated by 3D fibre deposition modelling (FDM) and stereolithography techniques. In addition, hybrid coaxial and bilayer magnetic scaffolds were produced by combining such techniques. The aim of the current research was to analyse some structural and functional features of 3D magnetic scaffolds obtained by the 3D fibre deposition technique and by stereolithography as well as features of multimaterial scaffolds in the form of coaxial and bilayer structures obtained by the proper integration of such methods. The compressive mechanical behaviour of these scaffolds was investigated in a wet environment at 37 °C, and the morphological features were analysed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography. The capability of a magnetic scaffold to absorb magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in water solution was also assessed. confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess the in vitro biological behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded on 3D structures. Results showed that a wide range of mechanical properties, covering those spanning hard and soft tissues, can be obtained by 3D FDM and stereolithography techniques. 3D virtual reconstruction and SEM showed the precision with which the scaffolds were fabricated, and a good-quality interface between poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) based scaffolds was observed for bilayer and coaxial scaffolds. Magnetised scaffolds are capable of absorbing water solution of MNPs, and a preliminary information on cell adhesion and spreading of hMSCs was obtained without the application of an external magnetic field.

[1]  L. Ambrosio,et al.  Poly(caprolactone) based magnetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering , 2011 .

[2]  Eleftherios Tsiridis,et al.  Bone substitutes: an update. , 2005, Injury.

[3]  Anna Tampieri,et al.  Hyperthermia Induced in Magnetic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[4]  Katia Bertoldi,et al.  Mathematically defined tissue engineering scaffold architectures prepared by stereolithography. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[5]  LIQUID-BASED RAPID PROTOTYPING SYSTEMS , 2000 .

[6]  Ivan Martin,et al.  Angiogenesis in tissue engineering: breathing life into constructed tissue substitutes. , 2006, Tissue engineering.

[7]  Maurilio Marcacci,et al.  Towards the Design of 3D Fiber-Deposited Poly(ε-caprolactone)/lron-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Magnetic Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. , 2015, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[8]  Jacek Klinowski,et al.  / Exact computation of the triply periodic D 'diamond' minimal surface , 1999 .

[9]  A. Boccaccini,et al.  Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[10]  J. Vacanti,et al.  Tissue engineering : Frontiers in biotechnology , 1993 .

[11]  Heungsoo Shin,et al.  Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering , 2012 .

[12]  A Tampieri,et al.  A novel route in bone tissue engineering: magnetic biomimetic scaffolds. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[13]  A. Tampieri,et al.  Magnetic poly(ε-caprolactone)/iron-doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposite substrates for advanced bone tissue engineering , 2013, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[14]  I. Zein,et al.  Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[15]  Ashvin Thambyah,et al.  Estimation of bone-on-bone contact forces in the tibiofemoral joint during walking. , 2005, The Knee.

[16]  Antonio Gloria,et al.  Advanced composites for hard-tissue engineering based on PCL/organic–inorganic hybrid fillers: From the design of 2D substrates to 3D rapid prototyped scaffolds , 2013 .

[17]  Antonio Gloria,et al.  Poly(∊-Caprolactone) Reinforced with Sol-Gel Synthesized Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Fillers as Composite Substrates for Tissue Engineering , 2010 .

[18]  Antonio Gloria,et al.  Polymer-based composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. , 2010, Journal of applied biomaterials & biomechanics : JABB.

[19]  F. Kurtis Kasper,et al.  Building Bridges: Leveraging Interdisciplinary Collaborations in the Development of Biomaterials to Meet Clinical Needs , 2012, Advanced materials.

[20]  I Zein,et al.  Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[21]  L. Ambrosio,et al.  A route toward the development of 3D magnetic scaffolds with tailored mechanical and morphological properties for hard tissue regeneration: Preliminary study , 2011 .

[22]  L. Nicolais,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Human Mineralized Connective Tissues , 2007 .

[23]  M G Mullender,et al.  Mechanobiology of bone tissue. , 2005, Pathologie-biologie.

[24]  L. Ambrosio,et al.  PCL loaded with sol-gel synthesized organic-inorganic hybrid fillers: From the analysis of 2D substrates to the design of 3D rapid prototyped composite scaffolds for tissue engineering , 2012 .

[25]  S. Hollister.  Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering , 2005, Nature materials.

[26]  Minna Kellomäki,et al.  A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes , 2008, Annals of medicine.

[27]  E. Sachlos,et al.  Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. , 2003, European cells & materials.

[28]  Hiroyuki Honda,et al.  Novel methodology for fabrication of tissue-engineered tubular constructs using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force. , 2005, Tissue engineering.