Evaluation of Concrete-Encased Electrodes

Following the widespread introduction of nonmetallic water mains to the technology of water supply systems, concrete-encased grounding electrodes are now in use in low-voltage installations. The American and German approaches are discussed in terms of the influence of the concrete casing, the electrode dimensions, and the depth of placement on the resistance-to-earth. Conclusions are drawn as to how an effective equivalent to that of the metallic water mains system is obtainable. The potential-equalization aspect is also discussed.