Self-propelled autonomous nanomotors meet microfluidics.

Self-propelled autonomous nano/micromotors are in the forefront of current materials science and technology research. These small machines convert chemical energy from the environment into propulsion, and they can move autonomously in the environment and are capable of chemotaxis or magnetotaxis. They can be used for drug delivery, microsurgeries or environmental remediation. It is of immense interest from a future biomedical application point of view to understand the motion of the nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels. In this minireview, we review the progress on the use of nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels and lab-on-chip devices.

[1]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Marangoni self-propelled capsules in a maze: pollutants 'sense and act' in complex channel environments. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[2]  Filiz Kuralay,et al.  Functionalized micromachines for selective and rapid isolation of nucleic acid targets from complex samples. , 2011, Nano letters.

[3]  S. Campuzano,et al.  Motion-driven sensing and biosensing using electrochemically propelled nanomotors. , 2011, The Analyst.

[4]  Jonathan D Posner,et al.  Synthetic nanomotors in microchannel networks: directional microchip motion and controlled manipulation of cargo. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[5]  O. Velev,et al.  Remotely powered self-propelling particles and micropumps based on miniature diodes. , 2007, Nature materials.

[6]  Samuel Sánchez,et al.  Graphene-Based Microbots for Toxic Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery from Water , 2016, Nano letters.

[7]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Nanomachines: Fundamentals and Applications , 2013 .

[8]  David J. Pine,et al.  Artificial rheotaxis , 2015, Science Advances.

[9]  Samuel Sanchez,et al.  Controlled manipulation of multiple cells using catalytic microbots. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[10]  Alberto Escarpa,et al.  RBC micromotors carrying multiple cargos towards potential theranostic applications. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[11]  Aditya S. Khair,et al.  Dynamics of a self-diffusiophoretic particle in shear flow. , 2014, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[12]  O. Schmidt,et al.  Microbots swimming in the flowing streams of microfluidic channels. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Remote Electrochemical Monitoring of an Autonomous Self-Propelled Capsule , 2014 .

[14]  Samuel Sanchez,et al.  Catalytic Janus motors on microfluidic chip: deterministic motion for targeted cargo delivery. , 2012, ACS nano.

[15]  Clemens Bechinger,et al.  Microswimmers in patterned environments , 2011, 1104.3203.

[16]  G. Whitesides.  The origins and the future of microfluidics , 2006, Nature.

[17]  L. Fu,et al.  Microfluidic Mixing: A Review , 2011, International journal of molecular sciences.

[18]  O. Velev,et al.  Remotely powered distributed microfluidic pumps and mixers based on miniature diodes. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[19]  Islam S. M. Khalil,et al.  The Control of Self-Propelled Microjets Inside a Microchannel With Time-Varying Flow Rates , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[20]  Samuel Sánchez,et al.  Chemically powered micro- and nanomotors. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[21]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  Development of a Sperm‐Flagella Driven Micro‐Bio‐Robot , 2013, Advanced materials.

[22]  Samudra Sengupta,et al.  Substrate catalysis enhances single-enzyme diffusion. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[23]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  How to Improve Spermbot Performance , 2015 .

[24]  Wei Gao,et al.  Turning erythrocytes into functional micromotors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[25]  Alberto Escarpa,et al.  Micromotor-based lab-on-chip immunoassays. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[26]  Andreas Manz,et al.  Scaling and the design of miniaturized chemical-analysis systems , 2006, Nature.

[27]  G. Ozin.  Channel Crossing by a Catalytic Nanomotor , 2013 .

[28]  Sirilak Sattayasamitsathit,et al.  Rapid delivery of drug carriers propelled and navigated by catalytic nanoshuttles. , 2010, Small.

[29]  Oliver G Schmidt,et al.  Cellular Cargo Delivery: Toward Assisted Fertilization by Sperm-Carrying Micromotors. , 2016, Nano letters.

[30]  Daniela A Wilson,et al.  Self-Guided Supramolecular Cargo-Loaded Nanomotors with Chemotactic Behavior towards Cells , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[31]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Nanomaterials meet microfluidics. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[32]  M. Tasinkevych,et al.  Self-propulsion of a catalytically active particle near a planar wall: from reflection to sliding and hovering. , 2014, Soft matter.

[33]  Zhiguang Wu,et al.  Cell‐Membrane‐Coated Synthetic Nanomotors for Effective Biodetoxification , 2015 .

[34]  Tristan Tabouillot,et al.  Enzyme molecules as nanomotors. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Challenges of the movement of catalytic micromotors in blood. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[36]  A. Woolley,et al.  Advances in microfluidic materials, functions, integration, and applications. , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[37]  Alexander Kuhn,et al.  Bipolar electrochemistry for cargo-lifting in fluid channels. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[38]  Michael G. Roper,et al.  Recent advances in microfluidic detection systems. , 2009, Bioanalysis.

[39]  Peter Nielaba,et al.  Transport phenomena and dynamics of externally and self-propelled colloids in confined geometry , 2013 .

[40]  M. Tasinkevych,et al.  Rheotaxis of spherical active particles near a planar wall. , 2015, Soft matter.

[41]  Li Zhang,et al.  Controlled propulsion and cargo transport of rotating nickel nanowires near a patterned solid surface. , 2010, ACS nano.

[42]  Martin Pumera,et al.  The gating effect by thousands of bubble-propelled micromotors in macroscale channels. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[43]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Multiplexed electrokinetic sample fractionation, preconcentration and elution for proteomics. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[44]  Dipankar Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Graphene based multifunctional superbots , 2015 .

[45]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Cargo-towing synthetic nanomachines: towards active transport in microchip devices. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[46]  Samuel Sánchez,et al.  Topographical pathways guide chemical microswimmers , 2016, Nature Communications.

[47]  Ayusman Sen,et al.  Chemotactic separation of enzymes. , 2014, ACS nano.

[48]  R. Zengerle,et al.  Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[49]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2) exfoliation technique has strong influence upon their capacitance , 2015 .

[50]  R. Kapral,et al.  Swimming upstream: self-propelled nanodimer motors in a flow , 2010 .

[51]  Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez,et al.  Self‐Propelled Supercapacitors for On‐Demand Circuit Configuration Based on WS2 Nanoparticles Micromachines , 2016 .

[52]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Fabrication of Micro/Nanoscale Motors. , 2015, Chemical reviews.