Systems Biology of Growth Factor‐Induced Receptor Endocytosis

Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis sorts for degradation of more than 50 different growth factor receptors capable of relaying growth and differentiation signals by means of their cytoplasm‐facing, intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The kinetics and alternative routings of receptor endocytosis critically regulate growth factor signaling, which underscores the importance of understanding mechanisms underlying fail‐safe operation (robustness) and fidelity of the pathway. Like other robust systems, a layered hub‐centric network controls receptor endocytosis. Characteristically, the modular hubs (e.g., AP2–Eps15 and Hrs) contain a membrane‐anchoring lipid‐binding domain, an ubiquitin‐binding module, which recruits ubiquitinylated cargo, and a machinery enabling homo‐assembly. Scheduled hub transitions, as well as cascades of Rab family guanosine triphosphatases and membrane bending machineries, define points of commitment to vesicle budding, thereby securing unidirectional trafficking. System’s bistability permits stimulation by a growth factor, which oscillates a series of switches based on posttranslational protein modifications (i.e., phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation and neddylation), as well as transient low‐affinity/high‐avidity protein assemblies. Cbl family ubiquitin ligases, along with a set of phosphotyrosine‐binding adaptors (e.g., Grb2), integrate receptor endocytosis into the densely wired networks of signal transduction pathways, which are involved in health and disease.