The critical needs and challenges for genetic architecture studies in Africa.

[1]  Laura W. Harris,et al.  A standardized framework for representation of ancestry data in genomics studies, with application to the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog , 2018, Genome Biology.

[2]  D. Goldstein,et al.  Unequal representation of genetic variation across ancestry groups creates healthcare inequality in the application of precision medicine , 2016, Genome Biology.

[3]  Faisal M. Fadlelmola,et al.  Enabling Genomic Revolution in Africa , 2019, The Genetics of African Populations in Health and Disease.

[4]  Kendra Sirak,et al.  Optimal Ancient DNA Yields from the Inner Ear Part of the Human Petrous Bone , 2015, PloS one.

[5]  J. Barrett,et al.  Susceptibility to tuberculosis is associated with variants in the ASAP1 gene encoding a regulator of dendritic cell migration , 2015, Nature Genetics.

[6]  M. Bar-Matthews,et al.  The earliest modern humans outside Africa , 2018, Science.

[7]  M. Pepper,et al.  Genomic sovereignty and the African promise: mining the African genome for the benefit of Africa , 2012, Journal of Medical Ethics.

[8]  Dan J Stein,et al.  Large Scale Genetic Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders in African Populations is Needed , 2015, EBioMedicine.

[9]  Michael Parker,et al.  Ethical issues in human genomics research in developing countries , 2011, BMC medical ethics.

[10]  Mattias Jakobsson,et al.  Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago , 2017, Science.

[11]  S. Tishkoff,et al.  The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa , 2010, Current Biology.

[12]  C. Rotimi,et al.  Tailoring the process of informed consent in genetic and genomic research , 2010, Genome Medicine.

[13]  Elizabeth G. Atkinson,et al.  An Unexpectedly Complex Architecture for Skin Pigmentation in Africans , 2017, Cell.

[14]  Carlos D. Bustamante,et al.  Imputation-based Assessment of Next Generation Rare Exome Variant Arrays , 2013, Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing.

[15]  Xiang Zhou,et al.  Polygenic Modeling with Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Models , 2012, PLoS genetics.

[16]  G. McVean,et al.  Differential confounding of rare and common variants in spatially structured populations , 2011, Nature Genetics.

[17]  Tom H. Pringle,et al.  Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa , 2010, Nature.

[18]  M. McCarthy,et al.  Research Capacity: Enabling African Scientists to Engage Fully in the Genomic Revolution , 2014 .

[19]  Jennifer G. Robinson,et al.  Trans-Ethnic Fine-Mapping of Lipid Loci Identifies Population-Specific Signals and Allelic Heterogeneity That Increases the Trait Variance Explained , 2013, PLoS genetics.

[20]  M. Kanai,et al.  Genome-wide association study identifies 112 new loci for body mass index in the Japanese population , 2017, Nature Genetics.

[21]  Bruce S. Weir,et al.  Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Human Genotyping Arrays , 2013, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics.

[22]  M. O’Donovan,et al.  Genome-wide association analysis identifies 30 new susceptibility loci for schizophrenia , 2017, Nature Genetics.

[23]  Dermot F. Reilly,et al.  Polygenic Risk Score Identifies Subgroup With Higher Burden of Atherosclerosis and Greater Relative Benefit From Statin Therapy in the Primary Prevention Setting , 2017, Circulation.

[24]  Gary K. Chen,et al.  Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry identifies a susceptibility locus at 17q21 , 2011, Nature Genetics.

[25]  M. Pirinen,et al.  Risk of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in African children is modified by STAT4 , 2018, Nature Communications.

[26]  Eske Willerslev,et al.  Comparing Ancient DNA Preservation in Petrous Bone and Tooth Cementum , 2017, PloS one.

[27]  R. Durbin,et al.  Tracing the Route of Modern Humans out of Africa by Using 225 Human Genome Sequences from Ethiopians and Egyptians , 2015, American journal of human genetics.

[28]  A. Morris,et al.  Genome-wide association analyses identifies a susceptibility locus for tuberculosis on chromosome 18q11.2 , 2010, Nature Genetics.

[29]  Xiaofeng Zhu,et al.  A Meta-Analysis Identifies New Loci Associated with Body Mass index in Individuals of African Ancestry , 2013, Nature Genetics.

[30]  M. Langan.  Normative Power Europe and the Moral Economy of Africa–EU Ties: A Conceptual Reorientation of ‘Normative Power’ , 2012 .

[31]  Christopher R. Gignoux,et al.  Fine-Scale Human Population Structure in Southern Africa Reflects Ecogeographic Boundaries , 2016, Genetics.

[32]  Derek E. Kelly,et al.  Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations , 2017, Science.

[33]  Kenneth K. Kidd,et al.  Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[34]  M. Daly,et al.  Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants , 2008, Genetic epidemiology.

[35]  S. Bull,et al.  Ethical issues in the export, storage and reuse of human biological samples in biomedical research: perspectives of key stakeholders in Ghana and Kenya , 2014, BMC medical ethics.

[36]  Nchangwi Syntia Munung,et al.  Equity in international health research collaborations in Africa: Perceptions and expectations of African researchers , 2017, PloS one.

[37]  S. Dalvie,et al.  Advancing neuropsychiatric genetics training and collaboration in Africa , 2018, The Lancet. Global health.

[38]  Christopher R. Gignoux,et al.  Human demographic history impacts genetic risk prediction across diverse populations , 2016, bioRxiv.

[39]  Nico Koedam,et al.  Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing , 2003, Scientometrics.

[40]  Gabor T. Marth,et al.  A global reference for human genetic variation , 2015, Nature.

[41]  Atul J. Butte,et al.  Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data , 2017, bioRxiv.

[42]  Vysaul B. Nyirongo,et al.  Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa , 2016, bioRxiv.

[43]  H. Ostrer,et al.  Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[44]  Lauren S. Mogil,et al.  Multiethnic meta-analysis identifies ancestry-specific and cross-ancestry loci for pulmonary function , 2018, Nature Communications.

[45]  K. Shianna,et al.  Common human genetic variants and HIV-1 susceptibility: a genome-wide survey in a homogeneous African population , 2011, AIDS.

[46]  James Y. Zou.  Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans , 2015, Nature.

[47]  Nicholas A. Johnson,et al.  Genetic Architecture of Skin and Eye Color in an African-European Admixed Population , 2013, PLoS genetics.

[48]  S. Haddad,et al.  Admixture mapping and fine-mapping of birth weight loci in the Black Women’s Health Study , 2018, Human Genetics.

[49]  Chris C A Spencer,et al.  A novel locus of resistance to severe malaria in a region of ancient balancing selection , 2018 .

[50]  R. Nielsen,et al.  Ascertainment biases in SNP chips affect measures of population divergence. , 2010, Molecular biology and evolution.

[51]  Peter Szolovits,et al.  Genetic Misdiagnoses and the Potential for Health Disparities. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[52]  F. Ayala,et al.  Genome-wide Patterns of Population Structure and Admixture Among Hispanic/Latino Populations , 2010 .

[53]  B. Henn,et al.  Population structure and infectious disease risk in southern Africa , 2017, Molecular Genetics and Genomics.

[54]  J. de Vries,et al.  “I passed the test!” Evidence of diagnostic misconception in the recruitment of population controls for an H3Africa genomic study in Cape Town, South Africa , 2017, BMC Medical Ethics.

[55]  Dan J Stein,et al.  Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20 070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability , 2017, Molecular Psychiatry.

[56]  E. Zeggini,et al.  The African Genome Variation Project shapes medical genetics in Africa , 2014, Nature.

[57]  A. Need,et al.  Next generation disparities in human genomics: concerns and remedies. , 2009, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[58]  N. Mulder,et al.  Whole-genome sequencing for an enhanced understanding of genetic variation among South Africans , 2017, Nature Communications.

[59]  C. Rotimi,et al.  Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase , 2017, bioRxiv.

[60]  Stefano Benazzi,et al.  Author Correction: New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens , 2017, Nature.

[61]  C. Rotimi,et al.  The African diaspora: history, adaptation and health. , 2016, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[62]  A. Price,et al.  Genome-wide association study of ancestry-specific TB risk in the South African Coloured population. , 2014, Human molecular genetics.

[63]  D. Serwadda,et al.  Open data sharing and the Global South—Who benefits? , 2018, Science.

[64]  Arianna M. Gard,et al.  Heterogeneity in polygenic scores for common human traits , 2017, bioRxiv.

[65]  C. Rotimi,et al.  The H3Africa policy framework: negotiating fairness in genomics , 2015, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[66]  Roger Chennells,et al.  International Genomics Research Involving the San People , 2018 .

[67]  C. Winkler,et al.  Association of Trypanolytic ApoL1 Variants with Kidney Disease in African Americans , 2010, Science.

[68]  C. Stringer,et al.  When did modern humans leave Africa? , 2018, Science.

[69]  Francisco M. De La Vega,et al.  Genomics for the world , 2011, Nature.

[70]  R. Green,et al.  Incorporating a Genetic Risk Score Into Coronary Heart Disease Risk Estimates: Effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels (the MI-GENES Clinical Trial). , 2016, Circulation.

[71]  B. Berger,et al.  Efficient Bayesian mixed model analysis increases association power in large cohorts , 2014, Nature Genetics.

[72]  N. Jablonski,et al.  High-dose vitamin D3 reduces deficiency caused by low UVB exposure and limits HIV-1 replication in urban Southern Africans , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[73]  M. Daly,et al.  LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies , 2014, Nature Genetics.

[74]  Brielin C. Brown,et al.  Adapt-Mix: learning local genetic correlation structure improves summary statistics-based analyses , 2015, Bioinform..

[75]  Janet Seeley,et al.  The general population cohort in rural south-western Uganda: a platform for communicable and non-communicable disease studies. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[76]  C. Rotimi,et al.  The genomic landscape of African populations in health and disease , 2017, Human molecular genetics.

[77]  M. Feldman,et al.  Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation , 2008 .

[78]  Valdis B. Guðmundsdóttir,et al.  Reconstructing an African haploid genome from the 18th century , 2018, Nature Genetics.

[79]  A welcome framework for research in Africa , 2018, Nature.

[80]  E. Green,et al.  Prioritizing diversity in human genomics research , 2017, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[81]  Bonnie Berger,et al.  Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[82]  Victor Osamor,et al.  Development of Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Genomics Research. , 2017, Global heart.

[83]  Scott M. Williams,et al.  The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity , 2015, bioRxiv.

[84]  J. Gulcher,et al.  Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution , 2007, Nature Genetics.

[85]  Geography of Genetics and Genomics Research Funding in Africa. , 2017, Global heart.

[86]  P. Visscher,et al.  Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores , 2015, bioRxiv.

[87]  Chris Alden,et al.  China in Africa , 2005 .

[88]  Sharon R Grossman,et al.  Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations , 2010, Nature.

[89]  Linda Nordling.  San people of Africa draft code of ethics for researchers , 2017 .

[90]  Marcus W. Feldman,et al.  The great human expansion , 2012, Resonance.

[91]  Teniola Akeredolu,et al.  Implementation of genomics research in Africa: challenges and recommendations , 2018, Global health action.

[92]  C. Stringer,et al.  Palaeoanthropology: On the origin of our species , 2017, Nature.

[93]  Jake K. Byrnes,et al.  Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations , 2012, PLoS genetics.

[94]  P. Visscher,et al.  Simultaneous Discovery, Estimation and Prediction Analysis of Complex Traits Using a Bayesian Mixture Model , 2015, PLoS genetics.

[95]  S. Malan,et al.  Characterization of the genetic profile of CYP2C19 in two South African populations. , 2010, Pharmacogenomics.

[96]  Peter M Visscher,et al.  Inference on the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian Linear Mixed Models , 2017, Genetics.

[97]  Brian L Browning,et al.  Population structure can inflate SNP-based heritability estimates. , 2011, American journal of human genetics.

[98]  Mattias Jakobsson,et al.  Genomic Variation in Seven Khoe-San Groups Reveals Adaptation and Complex African History , 2012, Science.

[99]  Gil McVean,et al.  Demography and the Age of Rare Variants , 2014, PLoS genetics.

[100]  P. Deloukas,et al.  Genome-wide association study of nevirapine hypersensitivity in a sub-Saharan African HIV-infected population , 2017, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[101]  D. Heckerman,et al.  Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that explicitly addresses environmental variation , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[102]  J. Barrett,et al.  Genome Wide Association Study of Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Anemia in Tanzania , 2014, PloS one.

[103]  Donald W. Bowden,et al.  Association of Trypanolytic ApoL 1 Variants with Kidney Disease in African Americans , 2010 .

[104]  Michael Boehnke,et al.  Imputation aware tag SNP selection to improve power for multi-ethnic association studies , 2017, bioRxiv.

[105]  E. Gitau,et al.  Challenges in Retaining Research Scientists beyond the Doctoral Level in Kenya , 2009, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[106]  S. Fullerton,et al.  Genomics is failing on diversity , 2016, Nature.

[107]  B. Mayosi,et al.  Genomic medicine in Africa: promise, problems and prospects , 2014, Genome Medicine.

[108]  A. Eriksson,et al.  Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa , 2015, Science.

[109]  K. Conneely,et al.  Genome-wide gene-based analysis suggests an association between Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) and post-traumatic stress disorder , 2016, Translational psychiatry.