Enhancement of nitrogen removal in a novel anammox reactor packed with Fe electrode.

Slow proliferation of anammox bacteria is a major problem limiting the wider application of anammox technology in practical wastewater treatment. A novel anammox reactor packed with a Fe electrode was developed for enhancing anammox consortium activity and accelerating the startup of anammox process. After 125 days' operation, total nitrogen removal rate achieved 1209.6 mg N/L/d in this hybrid reactor (R1), which was significantly higher than that in a control anammox reactor without Fe electrode (R2, 973.3 mg N/L/d). Raising the voltage applied for the electrode in a given extent (≤0.6 V) enhanced the performance of the reactor, while the voltage more than 0.8 V reduced the anammox performance. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation along with transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of the sludge taken from the reactors revealed that a more compacted microbial community structure was formed in R1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) together with DNA analysis indicated that anammox bacteria were highly enriched with the presence of the Fe electrode.

[1]  P. Zheng,et al.  Suppression of anaerobic ammonium oxidizers under high organic content in high-rate Anammox UASB reactor. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[2]  Fenglin Yang,et al.  Evaluation of oxygen adaptation and identification of functional bacteria composition for anammox consortium in non-woven biological rotating contactor. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[3]  Hung‐Suck Park,et al.  Effects of Oxidation Reduction Potential and Organic Compounds on Anammox Reaction in Batch Cultures , 2008 .

[4]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Bioaugmentation and functional partitioning in a zero valent iron-anaerobic reactor for sulfate-containing wastewater treatment , 2011 .

[5]  Xie Quan,et al.  Enhancement of sludge granulation in a zero valence iron packed anaerobic reactor with a hydraulic circulation , 2011 .

[6]  James Farrell,et al.  Investigation of the Long-Term Performance of Zero-Valent Iron for Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene , 2000 .

[7]  J. G. Kuenen,et al.  Missing lithotroph identified as new planctomycete , 1999, Nature.

[8]  J. Rouse,et al.  Characterization of the microbial community in an anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing biofilm cultured on a nonwoven biomass carrier. , 2002, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[9]  Derek R Lovley,et al.  Graphite electrodes as electron donors for anaerobic respiration. , 2004, Environmental microbiology.

[10]  Marc Strous,et al.  Combined structural and chemical analysis of the anammoxosome: a membrane-bounded intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria. , 2008, Journal of structural biology.

[11]  Akira Mizuno,et al.  Destruction of Living Cells by Pulsed High Voltage Application , 1986, 1986 Annual Meeting Industry Applications Society.

[12]  K. Schleifer,et al.  The domain-specific probe EUB338 is insufficient for the detection of all Bacteria: development and evaluation of a more comprehensive probe set. , 1999, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[13]  B. Trumpower,et al.  Simultaneous determination of hemes a, b, and c from pyridine hemochrome spectra. , 1987, Analytical biochemistry.

[14]  S. Tsuneda,et al.  Microbial diversity of anammox bacteria enriched from different types of seed sludge in an anaerobic continuous-feeding cultivation reactor. , 2009, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[15]  D. Hira,et al.  High-rate nitrogen removal from anaerobic digester liquor using an up-flow anammox reactor with polyethylene sponge as a biomass carrier. , 2011, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[16]  S. Tsuneda,et al.  High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions. , 2007, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[17]  K. Schleifer,et al.  Molecular evidence for genus level diversity of bacteria capable of catalyzing anaerobic ammonium oxidation. , 2000, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[18]  Chong-Jian Tang,et al.  Start-up and inhibition analysis of the Anammox process seeded with anaerobic granular sludge , 2009, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[19]  L. Hauser,et al.  Iron nutrition and physiological responses to iron stress in Nitrosomonas europaea , 2006, Archives of Microbiology.

[20]  Shweta Tripathi,et al.  Influence of extrinsic factors on granulation in UASB reactor , 2006, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[21]  A. E. Greenberg,et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater : supplement to the sixteenth edition , 1988 .

[22]  Lesley A. Robertson,et al.  Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor , 1996 .

[23]  N. Kosaric,et al.  The effect of selected heavy metals (Ni, Co and Fe) on anaerobic granules and their Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) , 1993 .

[24]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Nitrogen removal from digested black water by one-stage partial nitritation and anammox. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[25]  Yun-Chul Chung,et al.  Distribution of anammox bacteria in domestic WWTPs and their enrichments evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. , 2010 .

[26]  S. Okabe,et al.  In Situ Analysis of Nitrifying Biofilms as Determined by In Situ Hybridization and the Use of Microelectrodes , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[27]  B. Gao,et al.  Interaction of anammox bacteria and inactive methanogenic granules under high nitrogen selective pressure. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[28]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Applying an electric field in a built-in zero valent iron--anaerobic reactor for enhancement of sludge granulation. , 2011, Water research.

[29]  S. Andrews.  Iron storage in bacteria. , 1998, Advances in microbial physiology.

[30]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Performance of high-loaded ANAMMOX UASB reactors containing granular sludge. , 2011, Water research.

[31]  G. Muyzer,et al.  Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a stratified fjord (Mariager Fjord, Denmark) as evaluated by most-probable-number counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA fragments , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[32]  R. Amann,et al.  Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[33]  F. Meng,et al.  Enhanced anammox consortium activity for nitrogen removal: impacts of static magnetic field. , 2008, Journal of biotechnology.

[34]  Huang Anhui.  Effect of ferrous ion on the performance of an anammox reactor , 2009 .

[35]  P. Sinclair,et al.  Measurement of Heme Concentration , 1999, Current protocols in toxicology.